Cat communication is the transfer of information by one or more cats that have an effect on the current behavior or future behavior of other animals, including humans. Cats use various modalities of communication including vocal, visual, touch and smell.
The communication modalities used by domestic cats have been influenced by domestication.
Video Cat communication
Vocal
Cat vocalizations have been categorized by various characteristics.
SchÃÆ'¶tz categorizes vocalizations according to three mouth acts: (1) sounds produced with the mouth closed (murmur), including hum, vibration and chirrup; (2) sound produced with the mouth open and gradually closing, consisting of a large variety of meows with the same vowel pattern, and (3) the sound produced with the mouth held taut in the same position, often pronounced in aggressive situations (growling, roaring, growling, hissing, spitting and screaming).
Brown et al. categorized vocal responses of cats according to the context of behavior: during separation of kittens from cat mothers, during lack of food, during pain, before or during threats or invading behavior, such as in disputes over territory or food, during painful experiences or acute stress, routine prophylactic injection and during deficiency of kittens. Less frequent calls recorded from adult cats include purring, certain greeting or cheesy calls, extended vocal dialogue between cats in separate cages, "frustrated" calls during training or extinction of conditioned response.
Miller classified vocalizations into five categories based on the resulting sound: buzz, chirr, call, meow and growl/snarl/hiss.
Owens et al. 2017 cat vocalization category based on their acoustic structure. There are three categories: tonal sounds, pulse sounds, and broadband sounds. Further tone sounds are categorized into harmoniously structured sound groups or regular tonal sounds. Pulse vocalizations are separated into bursts of pulses and bursts of hybrid pulses with tonal tips. Broadband voice is separated into four groups: non-tonal broadband voice, broadband voice with tonal start, broadband voice with short tone element, and broadband sound with long tone end.
Purr
Snoring is the vibrating, soft, and vibrating sound made in the throat by most cat species. Domestic kittens can snore as early as two days of age. This tonal rumble can be a different personality trait in domestic cats. Purring is often believed to indicate a positive emotional state, but cats sometimes snore when they are sick, tense, or experience a traumatic or painful moment. The broader definition is "purring a socially friendly atmosphere signal, and it can be given as a signal to, say, a veterinarian from an injured cat indicating the need for friendship, or as a signal to the owner, thanking for the friendship given."
The mechanism of how a cat snores is a difficult thing to understand. This is partly because the cat does not have a unique anatomical feature that is clearly responsible for this vocalization. One hypothesis, supported by the study of electromyography, is that cats produce snoring sounds by using vocal folds and/or laryngeal muscles to alternately widen and constrict the glottis quickly, causing air vibrations during inhalation and breathing. Combined with a steady inhalation and breathing when the cat breathes, the sound of purring is produced with strong harmonics. Snoring is sometimes accompanied by other sounds, although this varies between individuals. Some may just snore, while other cats include low-level explosions that are sometimes described as "lurps" or "yowps".
Domestic cat snores at various frequencies. One study reported that domestic cats attacked at an average frequency of 21.98 Hz at an egressive phase and 23.24 Hz in the ingressive phase with an overall average of 22.6 Hz. Further studies of purring in four domestic cats found that the base frequency varied between 20.94 and 27.21 Hz for the aggressive phase and between 23.0 and 26.09 Hz for the ingressive phase. There are many variations between the four cats in amplitude, duration and relative frequency between eressive and ingressive phases, although this variation generally occurs within the normal range.
One study on one cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) showed that it was purified with an average frequency of 20.87 Hz (aggressive phase) and 18.32 Hz (ingressive phase). A further study of four adult cheetahs found that the mean frequencies were between 19.3 Hz and 20.5 Hz in the ingressive phase, and between 21.9 Hz and 23.4 Hz in aggressive phases. The progressive phase is longer than the ingressive phase and moreover, the amplitude is greater in the egressive phase.
It used to be believed that only cats of the genus Felis could snore. However, the felids of the Panthera genus (tiger, lion, jaguar and leopard) also produce sounds similar to purring, but only when exhaling. The division of Felidae into a 'purring cat' on one side and 'roaring cat' (ie non-purring) on ​​the other hand, originally returned to Owen (1834/1835) and was definitely introduced by Pocock (1916), based on differences in the anatomy of hyoid. 'Cat roar' (lion, Panthera leo ; tiger, P. Tigris ; jaguar, P. Onca ; leopard, P.pardus ) has a very stiff hyoid, which, according to this theory, allows them to roar but not to snore. On the other hand, the snow leopard ( Uncia uncia ), as the fifid species of fifth with an imperfect hyoid, purrs (Hemmer, 1972). All the remaining species of the Felidae family ('purring cat') have really hard hyoids that allow them to snore but not roar. However, Weissengruber et al. (2002) argues that the ability of the cat species to snore is not influenced by the anatomy of its hyoid, ie whether it is completely hard or has epihyoid ligament, and that, based on the acoustical definition of the roar, the presence of this type of vocalization depends on the particular characteristics of the vocal cords and vocal channels elongated, the latter is made possible by the hyoid who is not too hard.
Mew
Mewing is a domestic kitten's vocalization, apparently used to seek the attention of the cat's mother. The mew is similar to what is described in Brown et al. 1978 as a call of isolation. Around the age of three to four weeks the kittens do not stay when at least one littermate is present, and by the age of four to five months the kittens stop mewing at all.
Meow
The most familiar adult cat vocalizations are the " meow " or " miaow " sounds (pronounced ). The meong can be firm, sad, friendly, brave, welcoming, attention demanding, demanding, or complaining. It can even be silent, where the cat opens its mouth but does not make a sound. Adult cats rarely mew each other, so maturing to adults tends to be a post-domestication extension of meowing by kittens.
Language differences
Different languages ​​have different words for "meow" sounds, including Belarusian, Bulgarian, Croatian, German, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Suomi, Lithuanian, Malay, Polish, Russian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, and Ukrainian), " miauw "(Netherlands), m? Au (Czech language), meong (Indonesian), njÃÆ'¤u (in Estonian), ? au (Latvian), niau (in Ukrainian), niaou ( ????? , Greek), miaou (French), ny? ( ??? , Japan), miao (? , Chinese, Italian), miav/miao or mjav/mjau (Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian), mjÃÆ'¡ (Icelandic), yes-ong ( , Korean), ????? ? / Miy ???? (Urdu language), mia? (Esperanto) and meo-meo (Vietnam). In some languages ​​(such as Chinese ?, m? O , and Thai ???, mÃÆ'Â|w ), vocalization becomes the animal's own name.
Chirr
The chirr or chirrup sounds like a meow rolling on the tongue. It is commonly used by mother cats calling their kittens inside the nest. Kittens recognize their own mother's chirps, and do not respond to other mothers' chirps. It is also used by friendly cats when it comes to other cats or human approaches. Humans can imitate sounds to convince and greet pet cats.
Chat and chat
Cats sometimes make joyful sounds or clattering sounds when watching or stalking prey. This ranges from a slow clicking sound to strong but continuous chirping mixed with occasional meow.
Some researchers believe that this chat can also be accidental, instinct, imitation of the moment of murder bite in the neck occurs. This action activates cat's jaw vibration to allow precision to slip between the backbone of the prey.
Chirping is also used by mothers to entertain and get the attention of kittens in their bodies. The kittens learned to identify their mother long enough in her life. There is also a mention of the call, which may be chirp, in Brown et al. 1978 where a five week old kitten wanders from a nest and when the mother bends and the kitten immediately turns towards her.
Call
His calls are vocalizations of loud noises and rhythms made with his mouth closed. It is mainly associated with female cats that ask for men, and sometimes occurs in men when fighting with each other. A "caterwaul" is a cry of a cat in estrus (or "hot").
Grunts, growls, hiss and spit
Grunts, growls and hissing are all vocalizations associated with offensive or defensive aggression. They are usually accompanied by a postural view that is meant to have a visual effect on perceived threats. Communication can be directed at cats as well as other species - hissing hiss and cat spitting toward an approaching dog is a well-known behavior. Cats hiss when they are shocked, scared, angry or in pain, and also frighten the intruders into their territory. If hiss and snarling warnings do not remove threats, attacks by cats may follow. Kittens as young as two to three weeks will hiss and spit when first picked up by humans. "Spitting" is a shorter version of hiss but louder and firmer.
Howl, yowl, moan and wail
These sounds are usually used during threatening situations. Howls are more tonal, long moans and slowly modulated, angry laments combined with growls, and yowl are similar to howls, only those that are longer.
Ultrasonic
Very high frequency ("ultrasonic") response components have been observed in kitten vocalizations.
Maps Cat communication
Visual
Cats use posture and movement to communicate various information. There are various responses such as when cats arched their backs, smoothed their hair and adopted a side posture to convey fear or aggression. Others may be just a single behavioral change (as perceived by humans) like blinking slowly for a relaxation signal.
Domestic cats often use visual communication with the eyes, ears, mouth, tail, coat and posture. It has been stated that cat facial features change most and may be the best indicator of cat communication.
Posture
When cats lie on their backs with their stomach open, they are in a vulnerable position. Therefore, this position can communicate a sense of trust or comfort; However, cats can also roll onto their backs to defend themselves with their claws, or bask in the sunny areas of sunlight.
When cats are calm, they tend to stand still with a silent tail. If they become aggressive, the hind legs tighten, buttocks expand but the back remains flat, tail hair is fitted, the nose is pushed forward and the ears are pulled back slightly. Because cats have claws and teeth, they can easily cause injury if they engage in fights, so this posture is an attempt to gain respect by competitors without fighting. Attackers may try to get challengers back and chase them if they do not run away. A frightening defensive cat makes himself smaller, lowered himself to the ground, arched his back and leaned his body away from the threat rather than forward. The fight usually only happens when the escape is impossible.
In cats, flat ears generally indicate that a person feels threatened and may attack. Having an open mouth and no open teeth show a playful.
Ear
Cats can change the position of their ears very quickly, in continuum from upright when the cat is alert and focused, slightly relaxed when the cat is calm, and flattened with the head when it is very defensive or aggressive.
Eyes
Direct gaze by cats usually communicates challenges or threats and is more likely to be seen in higher ranking cats; Lower rated cats usually resign in response. Direct gaze is often used during predation or for territorial reasons.
In contrast to the direct gaze, the cat will lower his eyelids or slowly blink his eyes to show his trust and affection to the owner. According to Gary Weitzman, a licensed veterinarian and animal writer, this cat body type is similar to a "cat kiss". He further explained in his book, "How to Speak Cat: A Guide to Formulating Cat Language," slow blinking could be a physiological response to lower stress hormone levels from being in a calm state.
"Slow flicking is really an acceptance attitude," Weitzman said. "They do that when they're really comfortable with you, and they do it with other cats as well." It is unclear why cats do this when they feel calm and comfortable, but Weitzman says, "the likelihood of an autonomic response... has to do with cats that have their cortisol levels down."
In fact, Weitzman encourages cat owners to emulate this behavior to restore not only the message of affection, but also that reinforces a non-threatening position. This behavior is not exclusive to domestic house cats. Because cats can become highly territorial, in the wild they exploit this by slowly flashing with other cats to signal that they are friendly or non-threatening.
Tail
Cats often use their tails to communicate. A cat holding its tail vertically generally exhibits positive emotions such as happiness or self-confidence; vertical tail is often used as a friendly greeting to humans or other cats (usually close relatives). A half-raised tail can show less pleasure, and unhappiness is shown with a low tail. In addition, the cat's tail can swing from side to side. If the movement is slow and "lazy", it usually indicates that the cat is relaxed. Cats will vibrate the tip of their tail when hunting or when otherwise vigilant or playful. Suddenly, a full tail tail brings a state of confusion. A domestic cat stalking will usually hold its low tail to the ground while in a squat, and a quick twitch from side to side. This tail behavior is also seen when cats become "annoyed" and approach the whip point, usually by biting or punching with extended claws. A cat can also move its tail while playing.
Sometimes when playing, cats, or more commonly, kittens, will raise their tall tail and stiff all but end to a form like "U" upside down. This signifies an extraordinary joy, to the point of hyperactivity. This may also be seen when younger cats chase each other, or when they run for themselves. When greeting the owner, cats often hold their tails straight with a vibrating motion that shows extreme happiness. A cat that is frightened or surprised can make feathers on its tail and back. In addition, it can stand upright and bend the body to the side to enlarge the apparent size as a threat. Furless cats, such as Manx, which only have small stub tails, move the stubs around as if they have a full tail.
Tactile
Cats often lick other cats as allogrooming or bond (this treatment is usually done between familiar cats). They also sometimes lick people who may show affection.
Cats sometimes step on their front feet on humans or soft objects with batter motions. This is instinctive for cats and in adults, allegedly derived from actions used to stimulate milk that is disillusioned by the mother during breastfeeding. Cats often snore during this behavior, usually taken to show satisfaction and affection.
Cats have odor glands at the bottom of their claws. When they kneel or scratch objects or people, the possibility of these pheromones is transferred to people or objects that are crushed or scratched.
Touching the nose, sometimes known as "sniffing nose", is a friendly greeting and a touch for cats.
Some cats rub their face on humans, it seems as a friendly greeting or showing affection. This tactile action combined with olfactory communication as contact leaves the scent of glands located around the mouth and cheeks. Cats also sometimes "bump into the head" of a human or other cat with the front of the head; this action is referred to as "pregnant". Again this communication may have an olfactory component because there are fragrant glands in this area of ​​the body, and it is possible to seek attention when the cat turns down or sideways when doing so.
Head-bumping and cheek rubbing can show social dominance because it is often exhibited by dominant cats against subordinates.
Biting
Gentle bite (often accompanied by purring and kneading) can communicate affection or play, directed at other human or cat owners; However, strong bites that often accompanied by hiss or growl usually communicate aggression. When a cat is married, tom bites a woman's neck as she takes the position of lordosis that communicates that she is prescribing for marriage.
olfactory
Cats communicate fragrantly through smells in urine, feces, and chemicals or pheromones from glands located around the mouth, chin, forehead, cheeks, lower back, tail and claws. The behavior of rubbing and bumping their heads is a method of depositing this aroma on substrates, including humans.
Urine spraying is also a territorial marking. Although the cat can mark with sprayed and non-sprayed urine, the spray is usually thicker and oily than the normally stored urine, and may contain additional secretion from the anal pouch that helps the sprayer to make stronger communication. While cats marked their territory by either rubbing the aroma glands and with urine and dirt, spraying, most often performed by non-castrated cats in competition with other people of the same sex and species, seems to be the ultimate statement of the cat's smell. Female cats are also sometimes sprayed.
Adult male cat urine typically contains an amino acid known as felinine which is a precursor of 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol (MMB), a sulfur-containing compound that gives the urine a very strong cat odor. Felinine is produced in the urine of 3-methylbutanol-cysteinylglycine (3-MBCG) by cauxin peptidase excreted. Then slowly degraded through bacterial lyase into a more volatile chemical MMB. Felinine is a possible cat pheromone.
See also
- Animal communication
- Cat behavior
- Pheromone cat
- Dog communication
- Cat Communication Articles by Tuxedo Cat UK
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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