Humor or humor (American English, see spelling differences) is a tendency to experience laughter and entertainment. The term is derived from the humoral treatment of the ancient Greeks, who taught that the fluid balance in the human body, known as humor (Latin: humor , "body fluids"), controlled human health and emotions.
People of all ages and cultures respond to humor. Most people can experience humor - amusement, smile or laugh at something funny - and thus considered to have a sense of humor. Hypothetical people who lack a sense of humor tend to find behavior that makes it unexplainable, strange, or even irrational. Although ultimately determined by personal taste, the extent to which one finds something amusing depends on a number of variables, including geographic location, culture, maturity, education level, intelligence and context. For example, young children may like slapsticks like Punch and Judy puppets or Tom and Jerry cartoons, whose physical properties make them accessible to them. Conversely, more sophisticated forms of humor such as satire require an understanding of its meaning and social context, and thus tend to attract more mature audiences.
Video Humour
Theory
Many theories about what humor and what social functions it serves. Types of prevailing theories that attempt to explain the existence of humor include psychological theories, most of which assume that behavior induced by humor becomes very healthy; spiritual theories, which may, for example, regard humor as "a gift from God"; and theories that regard humor as an inexplicable mystery, much like mystical experiences.
The theory of benign offense, supported by Peter McGraw, tries to explain the existence of humor. His theory says 'humor only happens when something looks wrong, annoying, or threatening, but simultaneously looks okay, acceptable or safe'. Humor can be used as a method to easily engage in social interaction by eliminating feelings of awkward, inconvenient, or uncomfortable social interactions.
Others believe that 'the proper use of humor can facilitate social interaction'.
Maps Humour
Views
Some claim that humor can not or should not be explained. Author E.B. White once said, "Humor can be dissected like a frog, but it dies in the process and innards do not heed pure scientific thought." Contrary to this argument, protests against "offensive" cartoons invite dissection of humor or deficiency by disadvantaged individuals and communities. The process of dissecting this humor does not necessarily dispel the sense of humor but begs attention to its politics and assumed universality (Khanduri 2014).
Arthur Schopenhauer deplores the misuse of humor (German loan word from English) which means any kind of comedy. However, both humor and comics are often used when theorizing about the subject. The connotation of humor as opposed to the comics is said to be in response to the stimulus. In addition, humor is considered to include a combination of silliness and intelligence in a person; the paradigmatic case became Sir John Falstaff Shakespeare. The French are slow to adopt the term humor ; in French, humeur and humor are still two different words, the first referring to one's mood or the ancient concept of the four humors.
Non-satirical humor can be specifically called funny humor or recreational recreation game .
Sociological factors
As with any art form, the acceptance of a particular style or event of humor depends on sociological factors and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment around the world, whether in the palaces of the kings of the West or villages of the Far East. Both social etiquette and certain intelligences can be displayed through the form of intelligence and sarcasm. The 17th-century German writer Georg Lichtenberg said that "the more you know the humor, the more you demand in subtlety."
Ancient Greek
The theory of Western humor begins with Plato, which is associated with Socrates (as a semi-historical dialogue character) within Philebus (p.a, 49b) the view that the silly essence is a weak inner ignorance. , which thus can not retaliate when laughed at. Later, in Greek philosophy, Aristotle, in Poetics (1449a, pp.Ã, 34-35), suggests that disgusting evil is fundamental to humor.
India
In the ancient Sanskrit drama, Bharata Muni Natya Shastra defines humor ( h? Syam ) as one of the nine In Arabic and Persian culture
The term comedy and satire became the same after Aristotle Poetics was translated into Arabic in medieval Islamic world, where it was expounded by Arab writers and Islamic philosophers such as Abu Bischr, his disciple Al-Farabi, Persia Avicenna, and Averroes. Due to cultural differences, they separate the comedy from the dramatic representation of Greece, and instead identify it with Arabic poetic themes and forms, such as satirical poetry. They view the simple comedy as "art of rejection" and do not refer to mild and cheerful events or troubling beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translation in the 12th century, the term comedy then acquired a new semantic meaning in the medieval literature.
Caribbean
Mento star Lord Flea, stated in a 1957 interview that he thought that: "West Indians have the best sense of humor in the world, even in the most serious songs, such as Las Kean Fine [" Lost and Not Discoverable "], which tells of a kettle explosion in a sugar plantation that killed several workers, their natural intelligence and humor shine."
China
Orthodox Neo-Confucianism Confucianism, with its emphasis on ritual and propriety, has traditionally looked down on humor as subversive or inappropriate. "Analects" Confucius itself, however, portrays the Guru as a funny self-harassment, once comparing his wanderings to the existence of a homeless dog. Early Taoist philosophical texts such as "Zhuangzi" sharply mocked Confucius' s errors and made Confucius himself a slow and pleasant person. The joke books that contain a mixture of word games, wordplay, situational humor, and play with taboo subjects like sex and spreading, have remained popular for centuries. Local performing arts, storytelling, vernacular fiction, and poetry offer a variety of humor styles and sensitivities.
Humoris Cina terkenal termasuk pelawak kuno Chunyu Kun dan Dongfang Shuo, penulis dari Ming dan Qing dinasti seperti Feng Menglong, Li Yu, dan Wu Jingzi, dan penulis komik modern seperti Lu Xun, Lin Yutang, Lao She, Qian Zhongshu, Wang Xiaobo, dan Wang Shuo, dan artis seperti Ge Anda, Guo Degang, dan Zhou Libo.
Modern Chinese humor has been heavily influenced not only by indigenous traditions, but also by foreign humor, circulated through print, cinema, television, and internet culture. During the 1930s, the transliteration of "youmo" (humor) was caught as a new term for humor, triggering a tendency for humor literature, as well as a vigorous debate about what kind of humor sensitivity best suited China, a poor poor country under partial foreign occupation. While some types of comedy were formally approved during the reign of Mao Zedong, the Party-state approach to humor was generally repressive. Social liberalization in the 1980s, the commercialization of cultural markets in the 1990s, and the rise of the internet have each - despite the invasive state-sponsored censorship apparatus - allowing new forms of humor to flourish in China in recent decades.
Social transformation model
The social transformation model of humor predicts that certain characteristics, such as physical attraction, interact with humor. This model involves the relationship between the humorist, the audience, and the subject of humor. The two transformations associated with this particular model involve the subject of humor, and the audience's perception change from a humorous person, thereby building a relationship between a humorous speaker and audiences. The social transformation model sees humor as adaptive because it communicates the current desire to be funny as well as the future intentions of being humorous. This model is used with self-deprecating humor in which a person communicates with the desire to be accepted into a special social group of others. Although self-deprecating humor communicates weaknesses and mistakes in attempts to gain the love of others, it can be inferred from the model that this type of humor can increase romantic interest in humor when other variables are also profitable. Models of social transformation can also be followed in teaching and teaching where humor is used to improve students' cognitive abilities. Humor can create a positive and informal classroom environment that triggers student enthusiasm and interest.
Physical attractiveness
90% of men and 81% of women, all students, reported having a sense of humor is an important characteristic sought in romantic couples. Humor and honesty are classed as the two most important attributes in the other significant. Since then it has been noted that humor becomes more real and significantly more important because the level of commitment in romantic relationships increases. Recent research shows the expression of humor in relation to physical attractiveness are two major factors in the desire for future interaction. Women consider physical attractiveness to be less high than men when dating, serious relationships, and sexual relationships. However, women judge a humorous man more desirable than a person who does not smoke for a serious relationship or marriage, but only when these men are physically attractive.
Furthermore, humorous people are considered by others to be more cheerful but less intellectual than unfamiliar people. Self-deprecating humor has been found to increase the desires of those who are physically attractive to a committed relationship. The results of research conducted by McMaster University show humor can positively affect a person's desire for a particular relationship partner, but this effect is only likely to occur when men use humor and are evaluated by women. No evidence was found to suggest men prefer women with a sense of humor as a couple, or women prefer other women with a sense of humor as a potential partner. When women are given a forced choice design in the study, they choose the cute men as potential relations partners even though they rate them as less frank and intelligent. Post-Hoc analysis showed no relationship between the quality of humor and favorable judgment.
Psychological well-being
It is generally known that humor contributes to higher subjective wellbeing (both physical and psychological). Previous research on humor and psychological well-being shows that humor is actually a major factor in achieving, and maintaining, higher psychological wellbeing. This hypothesis is known as the general facilitative hypothesis for humor. That is, positive humor leads to positive health. However, not all contemporary research supports the previous assertion that humor is in fact the cause of a healthier psychological well-being. Some of the limitations of previous research are that they tend to use the unidimensional approach to humor because it is always concluded that humor is considered positive. They do not consider any type of humor, or style of humor. For example, self-misleading or aggressive humor. Research has proposed 2 types of humor, each consisting of 2 styles, making 4 styles in total. Both types are adaptive compared to maladaptive humor. Adaptive humor consists of facilitative and self-enhancing humor, and maladaptive is self-aggresive and aggressive humor. Each of these styles can have different effects on psychological and individual subjective wellbeing.
- Affiliate humor style. Individuals with this humorous dimension tend to use jokes as a means of affiliation, entertaining others, and reducing tension.
- A self-improving style of humor. People who belong to this humor dimension tend to take a humor perspective on life. Individuals with self-enhancing humor tend to use it as a mechanism to deal with stress.
- Aggressive humor. Racist jokes, sarcasm and individual humiliation for entertainment purposes. This type of humor is used by people who do not consider the consequences of their jokes, and mainly focus on the entertainment of listeners.
- self-defeating humor. People with this humorous style tend to entertain others by using self-embarrassing jokes, and also tend to laugh with others when mocked. It is hypothesized that people use this style of humor as a means of social acceptance. It is also mentioned that these people may have implicit negative feelings. So they use this humor as a means to hide that inner negative feeling.
In the study of humor and psychological well-being, research has concluded that high levels of adaptive humor types (affiliative and self-improvement) are associated with better self-esteem, positive influence, greater self-competence, as well as control of anxiety and social interaction. Everything is a constituent of psychological well-being. In addition, adaptive humor style can enable people to maintain their sense of well-being despite any psychological problems. In contrast, the type of maladaptive humor (aggressive and self-defeating) is associated with poor overall psychological well-being, emphasis on anxiety levels and higher depression. Therefore, humor can have a detrimental effect on psychological well-being, only if the humor has negative characteristics.
Physiological effects
Humor is often used to create difficult situations or stress and to brighten the social atmosphere in general. It is considered by many to be a pleasant and positive experience, so it would make sense to assume that humor may have some positive physiological effects on the body.
A study designed to test the positive physiological effects of humor, the relationship between exposure to humor and pain tolerance in particular, was conducted in 1994 by Karen Zwyer, Barbara Velker, and Willibald Ruch. To test the effect of humor on pain tolerance, the test subjects were first exposed to a funny short video clip and then exposed to the Cold Press Test. To identify aspects of humor that may contribute to increased pain tolerance, this study separated all 56 female participants into three groups, joy, excitement and humor production. The subjects were then separated into two groups, high Characteristics and High Consciousness-Traits according to State Inventory-State Properties. The instructions for the three groups are as follows: the cheer group is told to feel good about the movie without laughing or smiling, the group of excitement is told to laugh and smile excessively, exaggerate their natural reaction, the humor production group is instructed to make funny remarks about the video clip when they watch. To ensure that the participants actually found the movie funny and that it produced the desired effect the participants conducted a survey on a topic that yielded an average score of 3.64 out of 5. The results of the Cold Press Test showed that participants in all three groups experience higher pain thresholds, higher pain tolerance and lower pain tolerance than before to film. The results did not show any significant differences between the three groups.
There is also a potential relationship between humor and a healthy immune system. SIgA is a type of antibody that protects the body from infection. In a method similar to the previous experiment, the participants were shown funny short video clips and then tested for their effects. The participants showed a significant increase in SIgA level.
There are claims that laughter can be a supplement for cardiovascular exercise and can increase muscle tone. But preliminary studies by Paskind J. show that laughter can lead to a decrease in skeletal muscle tone due to the intense short muscle contraction caused by laughter followed by longer periods of muscle relaxation. The benefits of cardiovascular laughter also seem to be just a figment as a study designed to test the oxygen saturation levels produced by laughter, suggesting that although laughter creates sporadic episodes of deep breathing, oxygen saturation levels are not affected.
Because humor is often used to relieve tension, it might make sense that the same would be true for anxiety. A study by Yovetich N, Dale A, Hudak M. was designed to test the effects of humor as possible on relieving anxiety. Research subjects were told that they would be given electric shocks after a period of time. One group is exposed to funny content, while others are not. Anxiety levels are measured through self-report measurements as well as heart rate. Highly rated subjects on a sense of humor reported less anxiety in both groups, while subjects who rated low on humor reported less anxiety in groups exposed to humorous material. However, there was no significant difference in heart rate between subjects.
In the workplace
Humor is an ubiquitous aspect, deeply ingrained, and very meaningful from human experience and therefore clearly relevant in the organizational context, such as the workplace.
The significant role played by laughter and pleasure in organizational life has been seen as a sociological phenomenon and is increasingly recognized as also creating a sense of engagement among workers. Sharing humor in the workplace not only offers help from boredom, but also builds relationships, enhances friendships among co-workers and creates positive influences. Workplace humor can also ease tension and can be used as a coping strategy. In fact, one of the most agreed key impacts that humor in the workplace has in people's well-being is the use of humor as a coping strategy to help deal with pressures, difficulties, or other difficult situations every day. Sharing laughter with colleagues can improve mood, fun, and people consider this a positive influence on their ability to cope. Pleasure and pleasure are very important in people's lives and the ability for peers to be able to laugh while working, through banter or other, promotes harmony and sense of cohesion.
Humor can also be used to offset negative feelings about work at work or to reduce profanity, or other coping strategies, that can not be tolerated in other ways. Not only humor in the workplace helps to alleviate negative emotions, it can also be used as a channel to discuss personal painful events, in a lighter context, thereby reducing anxiety and allowing happier and more positive emotions to surface. In addition, humor can be used as a tool to reduce the authoritative tone by managers when giving direction to subordinates. Managers can use self-deprecating humor as a way to be perceived as more human and "real" by their employees. Furthermore, ethnographic studies, conducted in various workplace settings, confirm the importance of pleasant space in the workplace. The attachment to the idea of ​​having fun by contemporary companies has resulted in workplace management coming to recognize the positive effects of "games" and realizing that it does not necessarily undermine worker performance.
Laughter and play can unleash creativity, thus enhancing morale, so as to encourage employees to approve the rigors of work processes, management often ignores, tolerates and even actively encourages play practices, with the aim of achieving organizational goals. Essentially, pleasure in the workplace is no longer seen as reckless. The most recent approach to work-run fun and laughter comes from North America, where it has reached such a level that it has a thriving humor consultant, as some states have introduced an official "fun" day. The results have brought welfare benefit claims to workers, improved customer experience and increased productivity that organizations can enjoy, as a result. Others examine the outcome of this movement while focusing on the science of happiness - related to mental health, motivation, community building and national welfare - and draw attention to the ability to achieve "flow" through playfulness and stimulate thought "out of the box". In line with this movement is a "positive" scholarship that has emerged in psychology that seeks to theoretically theorize the optimization of human potential. This happiness movement shows that investing in fun in the workplace, by letting laughter and play, will not only create greater pleasure and sense of well-being, but will also increase energy, performance and commitment to workers.
Study
Laugh
One of the main focuses of modern humor theory and research is to establish and clarify the correlation between humor and laughter. The main empirical finding here is that laughter and humor do not always have one-to-one associations. While most previous theories assume the relationship between the two is almost synonymous, psychology has been able to scientifically and empirically investigate suspected relationships, their implications, and their significance.
In 2009, Diana Szameitat conducted a study to test the differentiation of emotions in laughter. They hire actors and tell them to laugh with one of four different emotional associations using automatic induction, where they will focus exclusively on internal emotions and not on the expression of laughter itself. They found an overall recognition rate of 44%, with joy classified correctly at 44%, tickling 45%, schadenfreude 37%, and mocking 50%. Their second experiment tested the recognition of laughter behavior during an emotionally induced state and they found that different types of laughter differed in terms of emotional dimensions. In addition, four emotional states display a wide range of high and low passion and valence. This study shows that laughter can be correlated with positive (joy and tickling) emotions and negative (schadenfreude and mockery) with varying degrees of passion in the subject.
It questioned the definition of humor, then. If it is defined by a cognitive process that shows laughter, then humor itself can include both negative and positive emotions. However, if humor is confined to positive emotions and things that cause positive influence, humor should be separated from laughter and their relationship should be further defined.
Health
Humor has proven to be effective for improving resistance in overcoming adversity and also effective in reducing negative influences.
Madeljin Strick, Rob Holland, Rick van Baaren, and Ad van Knippenberg (2009) from Radboud University conducted research that showed the annoying nature of the jokes about the bereaved. Subjects are presented with various images and negative sentences. Their findings indicate that humor therapy weakens the negative emotions generated after images and negative sentences are presented. In addition, humor therapy is more effective in reducing the negative effects because the level of influence increases in intensity. Humor is immediately effective in helping to overcome adversity. The humorous nature of humor as a coping mechanism indicates that it is very useful in the face of momentary pressure. Stronger negative stimuli require different therapeutic approaches.
Humor is the character that underlies the character associated with positive emotions used in the theory of cognitive development that is expanded and built.
Studies, such as those testing the failed hypothesis, have shown some positive results from humor as an underlying positive trait in entertainment and playfulness. Several studies have shown that positive emotions can restore autonomic calm after a negative influence. For example, Frederickson and Levinson show that the individual who claimed Duchenne smiled during the negative passion of a sad and distressing event recovered from a negative influence about 20% faster than the person who did not smile.
Using humor wisely can have a positive effect on cancer treatment.
Humor can serve as a powerful distance mechanism in overcoming adversity. In 1997 Kelter and Bonanno found that Duchenne's laughter correlated with less awareness of distress. Positive emotions can loosen the grip of negative emotions on people's thinking. A deviant thought leads to a distance from one-sided responses that people often have negative passions. In line with the role of playing distance in overcoming difficulties, it supports the expansion and builds the theory that positive emotions lead to an increase in multilateral cognitive pathways and the development of social resources.
Aging
Humor has been shown to improve and help the aging process in three areas. The area improves physical health, improves social communication, and helps achieve a sense of satisfaction in life.
Research has shown that constant humor in the aging process provides health benefits for the individual. Benefits such as higher self-esteem, lower levels of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress, and more positive self-concepts and other health benefits have been noted and recognized through various studies. Even patients with certain diseases have shown an increase with aging using humor. Overall there is a strong correlation through constant humor in aging and better health in individuals.
Another way that research suggests that humor helps the aging process, is through helping individuals to create and maintain strong social relationships during a mortal period in their lives. One example is when people are transferred to nursing homes or other care facilities. With this transition, certain social interactions with friends and family may be limited forcing individuals to seek another place for this social interaction. Humor has been shown to make the transition easier, because humor is shown to reduce stress and facilitate socialization and function as a function of social bonding. Humor can also help the transition in helping individuals to maintain positive feelings for those who uphold changes in their lives. This new social interaction can be important for this transition in their lives and humor will help this new social interaction take place to ease this transition.
Humor can also help aging individuals maintain a sense of satisfaction in their lives. Through the aging process many changes will occur, such as losing the right to drive a car. This can lead to decreased satisfaction in the lives of individuals. Humor helps reduce this decrease in satisfaction by allowing humor to release the stress and anxiety caused by changes in the lives of individuals. Laughter and humor can be a substitute for decreasing satisfaction by allowing individuals to feel better about their situation by reducing stress. This, in turn, can help them maintain a sense of satisfaction with their new and changing lifestyles.
Physiology
In an article published in Nature Review Neuroscience, it was reported that the results show that humor is rooted in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. This study states, in part:
"Humor seems to involve a core network of cortical and subcortical structures, including the temporo-occipito-parietal region involved in detecting and resolving nonconformities (discrepancies between expected and presented stimuli), and mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic systems and the amygdala, key structures for reward and processing of meanings, important. "
Formula
Humor can be verbal, visual, or physical. Non-verbal forms of communication - for example, music or the visual arts - can also be funny.
The root component
- Being reflects or mimics reality
- Surprise/misdirection, contradiction/paradox, ambiguity.
Method
- Farce
- Hyperbole
- Metaphor
- Even
- Framing
- Time
Behavior, place, and size
Rowan Atkinson explains in his lecture in the Funny Business documentary that an object or person can be funny in three ways:
- by behaving in an unusual way,
- by being in an unusual place,
- with the wrong size.
Most joke scenes go into one or more of these categories.
Altitude
Some comic theorists consider the exaggeration to be a universal comic device. It may take different forms in different genres, but it all depends on the fact that the easiest way to make things laughable is to exaggerate to the point of absurdity of their prominent features.
Taxonomy
There are many taxonomies of humor; the following is used to classify the funny tweets in (Rayz 2012).
- Anecdotes
- Fantasy
- Humiliation
- Iron
- Jokes
- Observation
- Quotes
- Play a role
- Self-deletion
- Vulgarity
- Wordplay
- More
Culture
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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