Unions or trade unions , also called unions (Canada) or unions (US), are organizations workers who have united to achieve common goals; such as protecting trade integrity, improving safety standards, and earning better wages, benefits (such as holidays, health care, and pensions), and working conditions through increased bargaining power generated by the creation of workers' monopolies. Unions, through their leadership, bargain with employers on behalf of union members (members of the board and members) and negotiate employment contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. The most common goal of these associations or unions is "to maintain or improve their working conditions". This may include wage negotiations, work rules, grievance procedures, rules governing recruitment, dismissal and employee promotion, benefits, safety and workplace policies.
Unions can organize special sections of skilled workers (unions), cross-section workers from various trades (unions), or attempts to organize all workers within a particular industry (industry union). Agreements negotiated by unions bind members of rank and file and employers and in some cases to other non-member workers. Unions have traditionally had a constitution detailing the governance of their bargaining units and also have governance at various levels of government depending on the industry that legally binds them to their negotiations and functions.
Originally from England, unions became popular in many countries during the Industrial Revolution. Unions may consist of individual workers, professionals, past workers, students, interns or unemployed. The density of trade unions, or the percentage of unionized workers, is highest in the Nordic countries.
Video Trade union
Definisi
Since the publication of the History of Trade Unions (1894) by Sidney and Beatrice Webb, the dominant historical view is that unions â € Å"is a sustainable association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving their employment conditions. "Therefore, Karl Marx describes the union:" The value of labor is the conscious and explicit basis of the union, whose interests for the working class [...] can hardly be exaggerated. Trade unions aim at nothing less than to prevent wage reductions below levels traditionally maintained in various branches of industry. That is, they want to prevent the price of labor falling below its value "( Capital V1, 1867, p. 1069).
The modern definition by the Australian Bureau of Statistics states that the union is "an organization consisting mostly of employees, the main activities which include wage level negotiations and working conditions for its members."
Namun sejarawan R.A. Leeson, di United we Stand (1971), mengatakan:
Two contradictory views of the trade union movement strived to rise in the nineteenth century: one of the guild-crafted-defensive traditions was passed down through the nomadic club and friendly society,... another aggressive-expansionist urge to unite all men's work and women 'to' order different things'.
The recent historical study by Bob James in Craft, Trade or Mystery (2001) highlights the view that trade unions are part of a wider movement of benefit society, which includes medieval unions, Freemasons, Oddfellows, friendly community. , and other fraternal organizations.
18th-century economist Adam Smith notes the imbalance of workers' rights in relation to the owner (or "master"). In The Wealth of Nations , Book I, chapter 8, Smith wrote:
We rarely hear, it has been said, about the combination of the masters, though often from the workers. But anyone who imagines, based on this story, that employers rarely join, is as foolish as the subject of the world. Masters are always and everywhere in a kind of tacit, but a constant and uniform combination, not to raise the wage of labor above their actual level. [.]
When workers join, employers... never stop speaking to seek help from civilian judges, and strict enforcement of laws that have been so harshly enforced against the combination of servants, laborers and daily workers.
As Smith noted, unions are illegal for many years in most countries, although Smith argues that it must remain illegal to fix wages or prices by employees or employers. There are severe penalties for trying to organize unions, up to and including executions. Nevertheless, trade unions are formed and begin to gain political power, which ultimately results in a body of labor law that not only legalizes organizing efforts, but also codes the relationship between employers and workers organized into unions.
Maps Trade union
History
The origins of unions can be traced back to 18th-century England, where the rapid expansion of industrial society then took place, attracting women, children, rural workers and immigrants into the workforce in large numbers and in new roles. This collection of unskilled and semi-skilled workers is spontaneously organized accordingly and begun throughout its beginnings, and will later become an important arena for the development of trade unions. Unions are sometimes seen as the successors of medieval European unions, although the relationship between the two is debatable, because union rulers employ workers (apprentices and travel workers) who are not allowed to organize.
Unions and collective bargaining were banned no later than the middle of the 14th century when the Ordinance of Labor was enacted in the United Kingdom. When collective bargaining and early unions grew with the start of the Industrial Revolution, the government began to suppress what it saw as the danger of popular unrest during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1799, the Combined Legislation was passed, which prohibited unions and collective bargaining by British workers. Although trade unions often suffered severe oppression until 1824, unions have been widespread in cities like London. Militancy at work also manifests itself as Luddism and has been prominent in struggles such as the Rising 1820 in Scotland, where 60,000 workers went on a general strike, which was soon crushed. The sympathy for the fate of the workers led to the withdrawal of action in 1824, though the 1825 Combination Act severely limited their activity.
In the 1810s, the first labor organization that united workers from different jobs was formed. Perhaps the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, founded in 1818 in Manchester. The last name is to hide the organization's true purpose at a time when unions are still illegal.
National common unity
The first attempt to establish a national public union was conducted in the 1820s and 30s. The National Society for Labor Protection was founded in 1830 by John Doherty, after apparently unsuccessful attempts to create a national presence similar to the National Union of Cotton-spinners. The Association quickly listed about 150 unions, most of which consisted of textile unions, but also included mechanics, blacksmiths, and various others. Membership increased to between 10,000 and 20,000 people spread across five areas of Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire within a year. [3] To build awareness and legitimacy, the union initiates the weekly publication Voice of the People , has the intention of declaring "to unify the productive class of the community in a union bond. "
In 1834, Welsh socialist Robert Owen established the National Consolidated Trade Union. The organization attracted a number of socialists from Owenites to the revolutionaries and played a role in protests after the Tolpuddle Martyrs case, but soon collapsed.
More permanent unions formed from the 1850s, have better resources but are often less radical. The London Trades Council was founded in 1860, and the outrage of Sheffield encouraged the formation of the Trade Union Congress in 1868, the center of the first ever national union. At this time, the existence and demands of trade unions become accepted by the liberal middle-class opinion. In the Principles of Political Economy (1871), John Stuart Mill wrote:
If it were possible for the working class, by combining among themselves, to raise or maintain a general level of wage, it hardly needs to be said that this would be something that should not be punished, but welcomed and rejoiced. Unfortunately the effect is very far out of reach in such ways. The crowds that make up the working class are too much and too much spread out to be combined at all, much more to be combined effectively. If they can do it, they may never succeed in reducing working hours, and get the same wages for less work. They will also have limited power to obtain, by combining, increasing general wages at the expense of profits.
Legalization and expansion
The union was finally ratified in 1872, after the Royal Commission on Trade Unions in 1867 agreed that the founding of the organization was for the benefit of both employers and employees.
This period also saw the growth of trade unions in other industrialized countries, especially the United States, Germany and France.
In the United States, the first effective national labor organization was the Warrior of Labor, in 1869, which began to grow after 1880. Legalization took place slowly as a result of a series of court decisions. The Federated Trade Federation and Trade Union began in 1881 as a federation of various unions that did not directly register workers. In 1886, he was known as the American Labor Federation or AFL.
In Germany, the Free Trade Union Trade Association of Germany was formed in 1897 after the conservative Anti-Socialist Law of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck was revoked.
In France, the illegal labor organization until 1884. Bourse du Travail was founded in 1887 and joined the Federation of Nationalization (Federation of National Trade Unions) in 1895 to form the Confederation of Public Labor (France).
Prevalence
The prevalence of unions in different countries can be assessed using the size of "union density". The definition of union density is "the proportion of paid workers who are members of trade unions".
Union density numbers are provided below for different countries:
Trade unions by country
Australia
Proponents of unions, such as the ACTU or the Australian Labor Party (ALP), often credit unions by leading the labor movement in the early 20th century. It generally endeavors to end the practice of child labor, improves workers' safety, increases wages for union workers and non-union workers, raises the standard of living of all societies, reduces hours of workweek, provides public education for children, and carries others benefits for working class families.
Melbourne Trades Hall opened in 1859 with Trades and the Labor Council and Trades Halls opened in all cities and regional towns within the next forty years. During the 1880s Trade unions flourished among shavers, miners and port workers (dock workers), but soon spread to cover almost all blue-collar jobs. Labor shortages lead to high wages for the wealthy skilled working class, whose union demands and gets an eight-hour day and other benefits unheard of in Europe.
Australia gained a reputation as "the worker's paradise." Some employers try to weaken unions by importing Chinese labor. This produced a reaction that caused all the colonies to limit other Chinese and Asian immigration. This is the basis of the White Australia Policy. "Compact Australia", based around centralized industrial arbitrage, the level of government assistance especially for primary industry, and the Australian White, will continue for many years before it gradually dissolves in the second half of the 20th century.
In the 1870s and 1880s, the emerging trade union movement began a series of protests against foreign workers. Their argument is that Asians and Chinese take jobs away from whites, work for "below standard" wages, lower working conditions and refuse to associate.
The objections to this argument come largely from rich landowners in rural areas. It is said that without the Asiatic working in the tropics of Northern Territory and Queensland, the area should be abandoned. Apart from these objections to restrict immigration, between 1875 and 1888 all Australian colonies enact laws that exclude all further Chinese immigration. Asian immigrants already domiciled in the Australian colonies are not expelled and retain the same rights as their Anglo and South counterparts.
The government of Barton who came to power after the first election to the Commonwealth parliament in 1901 was formed by the Protocol Party with the support of the Australian Labor Party. The Labor Party's support was to rely on restrictions on non-white immigration, reflecting the attitude of the Australian Labor Union and other labor organizations at that time, to whom the Labor Party was established.
Belgium
With 65% of workers in unions, Belgium is a country with the highest percentage of union membership. Only Scandinavian countries have higher union densities. The largest union with some 1.7 million members is the Christian Christian Confederation of the Christian Workers Union (ACV-CSC) established in 1904. The origins of the unions can be traced back to the "Anti-Socialist Cotton Workers Union" established in 1886 The second largest union is the Federation of Belgian Social Workers (ABVV-FGTB) which has more than 1.5 million memberships. ABVV-FGTB traces its origins to 1857, when the first Belgian union was founded in Ghent by a group of weavers. The socialist union, in its present form, was founded in 1898. The third major 'unity' in Belgium is the relatively small Liberal Union Liberal Union of Belgian Workers (ACLVB-CGSLB) compared to the first two with just under 290 thousand members. The ACLVB-CGSLB was founded in 1920 in an effort to unite many small liberal unions. At that time the liberal union was known as the "Nationale Centrale der Liberale Vakbonden van BelgiÃÆ'« ". In 1930, ACLVB-CGSLB adopted the current name.
In addition to these "big three" there is a long list of smaller guilds, some more influential than others. These smaller unions tend to specialize in a single profession or economic sector. In addition to this particular union there is also a Neutral and Independent Union which rejects the pillar which, they say, represents the "big three". There is also a small Flemish nationalist union that is only in the Flemish-speaking section of Belgium, called Vlaamse Solidaire Vakbond. The last union of Belgium that is worth mentioning is a very small, but very active, anarchist union called the Vrije Bond.
Canada
Trade unions have been in Canada since the early 1800s. There are records of skilled traders in the Maritimes who have union organizations during the War of 1812. The Canadian Union has an early relationship with the British. Merchants from England carry the tradition of the British trade union movement, and many British trade unions have branches in Canada. Canadian union relations with the United States eventually replaced them with the British.
Collective bargaining was first recognized in 1945, following a strike by the United Auto Workers at the General Motors plant in Oshawa, Ontario. Justice Ivan Rand issued an important legal decision after a strike in Windsor, Ontario, involving 17,000 Ford workers. He gave the union a taxpayer examination. Rand decided that all workers in the bargaining unit benefit from contracts negotiated with the union. Therefore, he reasoned that they should pay union dues, even though they did not have to join the union.
The post-World War II era also saw an increase in the pattern of unity in public service. Teachers, nurses, social workers, professors and cultural workers (working in museums, orchestras and art galleries) all seek private collective bargaining rights. The Canadian Workers Congress was established in 1956 as a national union center for Canada.
In the 1970s, the federal government was under intense pressure to reduce labor costs and inflation. In 1975, the Liberal Administration of Pierre Trudeau introduced price controls and compulsory wages. Under the new law, wage increases are monitored and those deemed unacceptable are rejected by the government.
The pressure on the union continued into the 1980s and 90s. Private sector unions face factory closures in many manufacturing industries and demand to reduce wages and increase productivity. Public sector unions are attacked by federal and provincial governments as they seek to reduce spending, reduce taxes and balance budgets. Legislation is introduced in many jurisdictions that reverse the rights of collective bargaining, and much work is lost to contractors.
Leading domestic trade unions in Canada include ACTRA, Canadian Postal Union, Canadian Public Workers Union, Canada Public Service Alliance, National Public and Public Employees Union, and Unifor. International unions active in Canada include the International Stage Employee Theater Alliance, Car Workers Union, Food and Commercial Workers, and United Steelworkers.
Colombia
Until about 1990, the Colombian trade union was among the strongest in Latin America. However, the expansion of paramilitarism in Colombia in the 1980s saw union leaders and members increasingly targeted for assassinations, and as a result Colombia has been the world's most dangerous nation for trade unions for decades. Between 2000 and 2010 Colombia accounted for 63.12% of union members murdered globally. According to the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) there are 2832 union killings between 1 January 1986 and 30 April 2010, which means that "on average, male and female union members in Colombia have been killed on the first level every three days. last year. "
Costa Rica
In Costa Rica, trade unions first appeared in the late 1800s to support workers in various urban and industrial jobs, such as railroad builders and craft merchants. After facing strong repression, as in 1934 United Fruit Strike, unions gained more power after the Costa Rican Civil War of 1948. Today, Costa Rica's strongest unions in the public sector, including education and medicine, but also have a strong presence in the sector agriculture. In general, Costa Rica unions support government regulations in banking, medical, and education, as well as increased wages and working conditions.
German
The trade unions in Germany have a history that reached back to the German revolution in 1848, and still plays an important role in German economy and society. In 1875, the German Social Democratic Party, one of the largest political parties in Germany, supported the creation of unions in Germany. The most important labor organization is the Confederation of the German Workers Union (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund - DGB), which represents more than 6 million people (31 December 2011) and is the umbrella association of several single unions for the special economic sector. DBG is not the only United Organization representing trade in employment. There are smaller organizations, such as CGB, which is a Christian-based confederation, representing over 1.5 million people.
India
In India, the trade union movement is generally divided into political lines. According to preliminary statistics from the Department of Labor, the union has a combined membership of 24,601,589 in 2002. In 2008, there were 11 Central Labor Unions (CTUO) Organizations recognized by the Ministry of Labor. The formation of these unions is a big problem in India. This has led to a major push for more legislation that gives workers more power.
The union with nearly 2,000,000 members is the Independent Women's Association (SEWA) that protects the rights of Indian women working in the informal economy. In addition to the protection of rights, SEWA educates, mobilizes, finances, and glorifies their members' trades. Some other organizations represent workers. These organizations are formed on the basis of different political groups. These different groups allow different groups of people with different political views to join the Society.
Japanese
Trade unions emerged in Japan during the second half of the Meiji period because the country was experiencing a period of rapid industrialization. However, until 1945, the labor movement remained weak, hampered by the lack of legal rights, anti-union legislation, factory councils organized by management, and political divisions between "cooperatives" and radical unions. Immediately after World War II, the US Occupation authorities initially encouraged the formation of independent unions. Legislation passed that perpetuated the right to organize, and membership rapidly increased to 5 million by February 1947. The organizational level, however, peaked at 55.8% in 1949 and then declined to 18.2% (2006). The labor movement through the reorganization process from 1987 to 1991 from which came the configuration of three major trade union federations, Rengo, Zenroren, and Zenrokyo, along with other smaller national union organizations.
Mexico
Prior to the 1990s, Mexican unions were historically part of the institutional system of the state. From the 1940s to the 1980s, the spread of neo-liberalism around the world through the Washington Consensus, Mexican unions did not operate independently, but as part of the institutional system of the state, which was largely controlled by the ruling party.
For the past 40 years, the main purpose of unions is not to benefit the workers, but to implement the economic policies of the country under their comfortable relationship with the ruling party. This economic policy, culminating in the 1950s and 60s with the so-called "Mexican Miracle", saw an increase in income and improved living standards but the main beneficiaries were the wealthy.
In the 1980s, Mexico began to comply with the Washington Consensus policy, selling state industries such as rail and telecommunications to private industry. The new owner has an antagonistic attitude towards the union, who, accustomed to a comfortable relationship with the state, is not ready to fight. New trade union movements began to emerge under a more independent model, while the previously institutionalized union became very corrupt, violent, and led by gangsters. From the 1990s onwards, a new model of the independent union was in force, some of them represented by the National Workers Union/Unión Nacional de Trabajadores.
Current old institutions such as the Oil and National Education Workers Union (Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación), or SNTE) are examples of how the use of government benefits is not applied to improving quality in the investigation of oil use or basic education in Mexico as long as their leaders show openly that they are living a prosperous life. With 1.4 million members, the teacher union is Latin America's largest; half of Mexican government employees are teachers. It controls the school curriculum, and all teacher promises. Until recently, retired teachers routinely "gave" their lifelong appointments to relatives or "sell them" anywhere between $ 4,700 and $ 11,800.
The union (Denmark:
Currently, the highest union membership rate in the world is in Scandinavian countries. In 2010, the percentage of unionized workers (unions) was 68.3% in Sweden and 54.8% in Norway, while 34.9% in Ireland and 18.4% in Germany. Excluding full-time students who work part-time, Swedish union density is 69% in 2015-2017. In all Nordic countries with the Ghent system - Sweden, Denmark and Finland - union density is about 70%. The rapidly increasing membership costs of Swedish union unemployment funds implemented by the new center-right government in January 2007 led to a substantial reduction in membership in both unemployment and union funds. From 2006 to 2008, union density decreased by six percentage points: from 77% to 71%.
United Kingdom
Moderate New Models dominated the union movement from the mid-nineteenth century and where trade unions were stronger than the political labor movement until the formation and growth of the Labor Party in the early years of the 20th century.
The trade unions in Britain were a major factor in several economic crises during the 1960s and 1970s, culminating in the "Winter of Dissatisfaction" in late 1978 and early 1979, when a significant percentage of the country's public sector workers continued. attack. At this stage, some 12,000,000 workers in the UK are union members. However, Conservative Party elections led by Margaret Thatcher in an election in May 1979, at the expense of James Callaghan of the Labor Party, saw significant union reforms that saw the strike rate fall. The union membership rate also fell sharply in the 1980s, and continued to decline for much of the 1990s. The decline in the length of most industries where strong manual unions - such as steel, coal, printing, dock - is one of the causes of the loss of union members.
In 2011 there were 6,135,126 members in TUC-affiliated unions, down from 12,172,508 peaks in 1980. The union density was 14.1% in the private sector and 56.5% in the public sector.
United States
Trade unions are legally recognized as workers' representatives in many industries in the United States. In the United States, unions are formed on the basis of power with the people, not above the likes of the government at that time. Their activities today center on collective bargaining on wages, benefits and working conditions for their membership, and represent their members in dispute with management over breach of contract terms. Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and support candidates supported at the state and federal levels.
Most unions in America are aligned with one of the two larger umbrella organizations: the AFL-CIO created in 1955, and the Win-Win Federation apart from the AFL-CIO in 2005. Both support policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States. State and Canada, and take an active role in politics. AFL-CIO is very concerned with global trade issues.
In 2010, the percentage of unionized workers in the United States (or total union workers) "density was 11.4%, compared with 18.3% in Japan, 27.5% in Canada and 70% in Finland. unions in the private sector have fallen below 7% - levels not seen since 1932. The union alleges that the entrepreneur-initiated opposition has contributed to the decline of this membership.
The most prominent unions are among public sector employees such as teachers, police and other federal, state, district and non-managerial or non-executive federal, state and district officials. The union members are disproportionately older, men and residents in the Northeast, Midwest, and California.
Private union workers in the private sector pay on average 10-30% higher than non-unionized in America after controlling for individual characteristics, employment, and labor market. Because of their inherently governmental function, public sector workers are paid the same regardless of union or non-affiliated affiliates after controlling for individual, occupational, and labor market characteristics.
Economist Joseph Stiglitz has asserted that, "Strong unions have helped reduce inequality, while weaker unions have made it easier for CEOs, sometimes working with the market forces they have helped shape, to improve it." The decline in unions since the Second World War in the United States has been attributed to an increase in income and wealth inequality, and since 1967, with the loss of middle-class income.
Vatican (Holy See)
The Vatican Lay Workers Association represents a public employee at the Vatican.
Structure and politics
Unions can organize special sections of skilled workers (unions, traditionally found in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Britain and the US), cross-section workers from various trades (unions, traditionally found in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States), or attempting to organize all workers in certain industries (industrial unions, found in Australia, Canada, Germany, Finland, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, US). The Society is often divided into "locals", and united in a national federation. This Federation itself will be affiliated with the International, such as the International Confederation of Trade Unions. However, in Japan, trade union organizations differ slightly because of the presence of company unions, ie unions specific to a particular factory or company. However, the company's association joins federations across industries that in turn are members of Rengo, a confederation of Japan's national unions.
In Western Europe, professional associations often carry out union functions. In this case, they may negotiate for white-collar workers or professionals, such as doctors, engineers or teachers. Usually such trade unions refrain from politics or pursue a more liberal politics than their blue-collar counterparts.
Unions may acquire the status of "legal persons" (artificial legal entities), with a mandate to negotiate with the employer for the worker it represents. In such cases, the union has certain legal rights, the most important right to engage in collective bargaining with the employer (or employer) for wages, working hours, and other terms and conditions of employment. The inability of the parties to reach agreement may lead to industrial action, culminating in a strike or closure of management, or binding arbitration. In extreme cases, violent or illegal activity may occur around these events.
In other circumstances, unions may not have the legal right to represent workers, or rights may be questioned. This lack of status may range from the absence of trade union recognition to political or criminal demands to activists and union members, with many cases of violence and death recorded historically.
Unions can also engage in wider political or social struggle. The Social Union includes many trade unions that use its organizational powers to advocate for social policies and laws that benefit its members or workers in general. In addition, unions in some countries are closely tied to political parties.
Unions are also illustrated by service models and organizing models. Service model unions focus more on retaining workers' rights, providing services, and resolving disputes. Alternatively, the organizing model usually involves full-time union administrators, who work by building confidence, strong networks, and leaders within the workforce; and a confrontational campaign involving many union members. Many unions are a mixture of these two philosophies, and the definition of the model itself is debatable.
In Britain, the nature of a left-leaning trade union has resulted in the creation of a reactionary right-wing trade union called Solidarity supported by a right-wing BNP. In Denmark, there are newer apolitical "discount" unions that offer a very basic level of service, compared to the dominating patterns and services of the Danish organizing.
In contrast, in some European countries (eg Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland), religious unions have existed for decades. These unions usually distanced themselves from some of the doctrines of orthodox Marxism, such as the preference of atheism and from rhetoric which shows that the interests of employees always contradict the employers. Some of these Christian unions have links to centrist or conservative political movements and some do not consider strikes an accepted political means to achieve employee goals. In Poland, the greatest trade union solidarity emerged as an anti-communist movement in a religious nationalist tone and today supports right-wing Law and Justice Party.
Although their political and autonomous structures vary widely, union leadership is usually formed through democratic elections. Some studies, such as those conducted by the Australian Relationship Research and Training Center, suggest that union workers enjoy better conditions and wages than non-unionized people.
Shop type
Companies that employ workers with unions generally operate on one of several models:
- Closed store (US) or "pre-enclosed store" (UK) only employs people who have become union members. The mandatory mandatory hall is an example of a closed shop - in which case the employer must recruit directly from the union, as well as employees who work strictly for employers who are unionized.
- The union store (US) or "post-entry shop" (UK) employs non-union workers as well, but sets a time limit in which new employees must join the union.
- An agent shop requires non-union workers to pay fees to unions for their services in negotiating their contracts. This is sometimes called the Rand formula. In certain situations involving state public employees in the United States, such as California, "fair share legislation" makes it easy to request such payments.
- The open store does not require union membership to hire or retain workers. If unions are active, workers who do not contribute to unions may include those who consent to union contracts (free riders) and those who do not. In the United States, state employment rights laws mandate open stores in some states. In Germany only open shops are legal; that is, all discrimination based on union membership is prohibited. This affects union functions and services.
The case of the European Union on Italy states that, "The principle of freedom of trade unions in the Italian system implies the recognition of the right of an individual to not be a member of a trade union (freedom of" negative "freedom/union freedom), and violation of law discrimination that can cause harm to employees not unionized. "
In Britain, before this EU jurisprudence, a series of laws introduced during the 1980s by Margaret Thatcher's government restricted closed shops and associations. All agreements that require a worker to join a union now are illegal. In the United States, the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 prohibits closed shops.
In 2006, the European Court of Human Rights found a Danish shop deal to violate Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It is stressed that Denmark and Iceland are among a number of contract states that continue to permit closed store deal closures.
International union diversity
Union laws vary from country to country, as do union functions. For example, German and Dutch unions have played a greater role in management decisions through participation in corporate councils and fate rather than having unions in the United States. In addition, in the United States, collective bargaining is most often done by unions directly with employers, whereas in Austria, Denmark, Germany or Sweden, trade unions most often negotiate with employers' associations.
Regarding labor market regulations in the European Union, Gold (1993) and Hall (1994) have identified three different labor market regulatory systems, which also affect the role played by unions:
- "In the Continental European System labor market regulation, government plays an important role because there is a strong legislative core of employee rights, providing the basis for agreements and frameworks for disputes between trade unions on the one hand and employers 'or employers' associations on the other.The model is said to be found in the core countries of the EU such as Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, and is also reflected and imitated to some extent in Union institutions Europe, due to the relative weights of these countries in the EU to EU expansion with the entry of 10 new East European member states in 2004.
- In the Anglo-Saxon System of the labor market regulation, the government's legislative role is much more limited, allowing for more problems to be decided between employers and employees and trade unions or employers' associations. represent these parties in the decision-making process. However, in these countries, collective agreements are not widespread; only a few businesses and some economic sectors have a strong tradition of finding collective solutions in working relationships. Ireland and Britain fall into this category, and unlike the core countries of the European Union above, these countries first joined the EU in 1973.
- In the Nordic System labor market regulation, the government's legislative role is limited in the same way as in the Anglo-Saxon system. However, unlike countries in the Anglo-Saxon system category, this is a wider collective agreement network, covering most industries and most companies. This model supposedly covers Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Here Denmark joined the EU in 1973, while Finland and Sweden joined in 1995. "
The United States takes a laissez-faire approach, setting some minimum standards but leaving most workers' wages and benefits for collective bargaining and market forces. Thus, it is most closely related to the Anglo-Saxon model above. Also, Eastern European countries that have recently entered the EU are closest to the Anglo-Saxon model .
In contrast, in Germany, relationships between individual employees and employers are considered asymmetric. Therefore, many working conditions are not negotiable due to the strong legal protection of the individual. However, the German flavor or working legislation has as its ultimate goal to create a balance of power between unionized employees and unionized entrepreneurs organized in employers' associations. This allows broader legal restrictions for collective bargaining, compared to narrow limits for individual negotiations. As a condition for obtaining union legal status, employee associations need to prove that their leverage is strong enough to serve as a counter-force in negotiations with employers. If such association of employees competes with other unions, leverage may be questioned by unions and then evaluated in court. In Germany, few professional associations have the right to negotiate salaries and working conditions for their members, notably the medical doctor association Marburger Bund and the Vereinigung Cockpit pilot association. The Association of Engineers Verein Deutscher Ingenieure does not seek to act as a union, as it also represents the interests of engineering business.
Beyond the classification listed above, union relationships with political parties vary. In many countries, unions are closely bound, or even share leadership, with political parties intended to represent the interests of the working class. Usually this is a left-wing, socialist, or social democratic party, but many exceptions exist, including some Christian unions mentioned above. In the United States, unions are almost always in tune with the Democratic Party with few exceptions. For example, the International Brotherhood of the Teamsters has supported Republican candidates on a number of occasions and the Professional Air Traffic Control Organization (PATCO) supported Ronald Reagan in 1980. In the United Kingdom, union relationships with the Labor Party were abandoned when the party leadership initiated a privatization plan in conflict with what the union sees as the interests of the workers. However, it has strengthened once again after Labor's election from Ed Miliband, who defeated his brother David Miliband to become party leader after Ed secures the union vote. In addition, in the past, there was a group known as the Conservative Labor Union, or CTU, formed from people sympathetic to right-wing Tory policies but the Trade Union.
Historically, the Republic of Korea has arranged collective bargaining by requiring entrepreneurs to participate, but collective bargaining is only legal if held in sessions before the lunar new year.
International unity
The world's largest union federation federation is the Brussels-based International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), which has about 309 organizations affiliated in 156 countries and territories, with a combined membership of 166 million. The ITUC is a federation of national union centers, such as the AFL-CIO in the United States and the Trade Union Congress in the United Kingdom. Other global union organizations include the Federation of Trade Unions of the World.
The organization of national and regional trade unions in certain industrial sectors or working groups also forms a global trade union federation, such as Union Network International, the International Transportation Federation, the International Federation of Journalists, the International Art and Entertainment Alliance or the International Public Service.
Criticism
Unions have been accused of benefiting insiders, those who have secure employment, at the cost of outside workers, consumers of goods or services produced and shareholders of the association business.
In the United States, labor outsourcing to Asia, Latin America and Africa is partly driven by the rising cost of union partnerships, which gives other countries a comparative advantage in labor, making it more profitable to buy unorganized and low-wage labor from the regions this. Milton Friedman, the economist and advocate of laissez-faire capitalism, tries to show that unions generate higher wages (for union members) at the expense of fewer jobs, and that, if some industries are unionized while others are not, wages will tend to decrease not unionized.
On the other hand, several studies have emphasized the so-called revitalization strategy in which trade unions seek to better represent outsiders of the labor market, such as unemployed and unemployed workers. Thus, for example, unions in the Nordic countries and Southern Europe have made collective bargaining agreements that improve the conditions of temporary agency workers.
Union publication
Some news sources today exist about the trade union movement in the world. These include LabourStart and the official website of the Global Union trade union movement. An international news source about trade unions is RadioLabour which provides daily news reports (Monday to Friday).
Benjamin Brown, "Labor Union, Strikes, and Renewal of Halakhic Labor Law: Ideology in Rule Rabbis Kook, Uziel, and Feinstein" [5]
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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