The solar lamp also known as sunlight or sun lanterns, is a lighting system consisting of LED lights, solar panels, batteries, charge handlers and there may also be inverters. The lamps operate on electricity from the battery, charged through the use of photovoltaic solar panels.
Lighting solar-powered households can replace other light sources such as wax or kerosene lamps. Solar lights have lower operating costs than kerosene lamps because of renewable energy from free sun, unlike fuel. In addition, solar lights do not produce indoor air pollution such as kerosene lamps. However, solar lights generally have a higher initial cost, and depending on the weather.
Solar lights for use in rural situations often have the ability to provide power supplies for other devices, such as for charging a mobile phone. American investors have been working to develop $ 10/l solar lanterns for replacing kerosene lamps.
Video Solar lamp
History
Some solar photovoltaics use Monocrystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon panels, while newer technologies have used thin film solar cells. Since modern solar cells were introduced in 1954 in Bell laboratories, the progress of solar cell efficiency in converting light into electric power, and modern manufacturing techniques combined with scale efficiency have led to international photovoltaic growth.
Starting 2016, LED lights use only about 10% of the energy required by incandescent lamps. Efficiency in LED lamp production has led to increased adoption as an alternative to other electric lighting.
Maps Solar lamp
Components
The entire solar lamp structure is shown in Figure 2.
Solar panels
Solar panels are made of crystals made of covalent bonds between electrons in the outer shell of silicon atoms. Silicon is a semiconductor that is not a metal that conducts electricity or insulators that do not conduct electricity. Semiconductors usually do not conduct electricity but under certain circumstances they do in this example with exposure to light.
Solar cells have two different layers of silicon. The lower layer has fewer electrons and therefore has a slight positive charge due to the negative charges of the electrons. In addition, the top layer has more electrons and has a slightly negative charge.
A barrier is created between these two layers but when the flow of light particles called photons comes in, they are surrendering their energy to the atoms in silicon. It promotes an electron from a covalent bond to the next energy level from the top layer to the bottom layer. This electron promotion allows for a freer movement within the crystal that produces the current. More light shines through, more electrons move around then more current flows in between. This process is called photovoltaic and photoelectric effect. Photovoltaic systems literally mean a combination of light and voltage and they use photovoltaic cells to directly convert sunlight into electricity.
Solar panels are made of different material layers, as you can see in Figure 2, in glass frames, encapsulate, crystal cells, encapsulate, back sheet, junction box and last frame. Encapsulation keeps moisture and contaminants that can cause problems.
Battery
Batteries are usually stored in metal or plastic boxes. Inside the casing are electrodes including cathode and anode in which chemical reactions occur. A separator also exists between the cathode and the anode which stops the electrode reacting together at the same time by allowing the charge to flow freely between the two. Finally, the collector charges the battery out.
Batteries in solar lights typically use high-performance gel electrolyte technology in deep discharge, to allow use in extreme temperature ranges. It can also use lead-acid, nickel metal hydride, cadmium nickel, or lithium.
Parts of these lamps save energy from solar panels and provide power when needed at night when no light energy is available.
In general, the efficiency of photovoltaic energy conversion is limited due to physical reasons. Approximately 24% of solar radiation with long wavelengths is not absorbed. 33% is the heat lost to its surroundings, and the further loss is about 15-20%. Only 23% are absorbed which means the battery is an important part of the solar light.
Load controller
This section controls the entire working system to protect the battery power. This ensures, under any circumstances including extreme weather conditions with large temperature differences, the battery is not too expensive or too excessive and further damage the battery.
This section also includes additional components such as light control, time control, sound, temperature compensation, lighting protection, reverse polarity protection, and AC transfer switches that ensure sensitive backup loads work normally when outages occur.
Working principle
LED lights are used because of their high luminous efficiency and long life. Under the control of the DC charge controller, the non-contact control automatically turns the light on and off during the day. Sometimes it also combines with a time controller to set the curtain time to automatically turn on and off the lights.
As shown in Figure 3, chips include microchip (R), B-, B, S- and S. S and S-both are connected to a solar panel with wire, one of which has a plus charge and other minus charges. B- and B are attached to two batteries in this case. The light will be displayed through the LED light when all of this is connected.
Benefits
Solar lights can be easier for customers to install and maintain as they do not require a power cord. Solar lights can benefit the owner by reducing maintenance costs and the cost of utility bills. Solar lights can also be used in areas where there are no power lines or remote areas that do not have reliable power supplies. There are many stories about people with lung disease, eye damage, burns and sometimes even death just because they do not have a healthy alternative to light at night. Women feel unsafe walking to the toilets outside after dark. Babies are being delivered by midwives using candles only, and students can not learn when the sun goes down because of the lack of light that leads to an increase in literacy and perpetual poverty. This is a reality for more than 1 billion people worldwide. The lack of lighting is the same as the continued poverty all over the world.
Solar energy output is limited by weather and can be less effective if cloudy, wet, or winter.
Households switching to solar lights from kerosene lamps also gain from health risks associated with kerosene emissions. Kerosene often has a negative impact on human lungs.
The use of solar energy minimizes pollution pollution indoors, where kerosene has been linked to cases of health problems. However, photovoltaic panels are made of silicon and other toxic metals including lead that can be difficult to dispose of.
The use of solar lights improves education for students living in households without electricity. When Non-profit Unit-To-Light donated solar-lights to schools, a remote area of ​​Kwa Zulu Natal scores in South Africa and graduation rates increased by more than 30%. Light gives students additional time to study after dark.
A 2017 experimental study in unpowered areas in northern Bangladesh found that the use of solar lanterns reduced total household expenditure, increased hours of study in children's homes and increased attendance at school. But it does not improve the educational achievement of children for the most part.
Use
Solar street light
These lights provide a convenient and cost-effective way to illuminate the street at night without requiring AC power lines for pedestrians and drivers. They may have individual panels for each lamp of the system, or may have a central solar panel and a large battery bank to power many lights.
Rural
In rural India, solar lights, commonly called solar lanterns, using LEDs or CFLs, are used to replace kerosene lamps. Especially in areas where electricity is difficult to access, solar lights are very useful and will also improve life in rural areas.
See also
- The light tube
- Light Liter Project
- The solar device
- Lighting the Solar Way
- Solar thermal collector # Evacuated tube collector
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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