When the women's suffrage movement gained popularity through the nineteenth century, African-American women became increasingly marginalized. African-American women not only deal with sexism because they hold the voice but also white suffragist racism. The struggle for voting does not end with the ratification of the Nineteen Amendment. In some southern countries, African American women can not freely exercise their right to vote until the 1960s. However, these difficulties do not deter African-American women in their efforts to secure the ballot.
Video African-American women's suffrage movement
The origin of the movement
The origins of the women's suffrage movement are tied to the Abolitionist movement. Upper white women in particular first articulate their own oppression in marriage and the private sphere using the metaphor of slavery, and first develop political awareness by mobilizing to support abolition. Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Maria Chapman Weston were among the early female abolitionists. The Abolitionist cause gives women previously bound to their roles as wives and mothers, the opportunity to openly challenge sexism and learn how to become politically involved as an activist.
Maps African-American women's suffrage movement
This movement splits
The racism that defined the beginning of the twentieth century made women so black oppressed from all quarters: first, to their status as women, and then again to their race. Many African-American women who engage in politics are primarily invested in the issue of racial equality, with suffrage being subsequently manifested as secondary objectives. The Seneca Falls Convention, widely praised as the first women's rights convention, is often regarded as the precursor of racial schism in the women's suffrage movement; The Seneca Falls declaration puts forward a political analysis of the upscale conditions of married women, but does not address the struggles of white working class women or black women. In the twentieth century, there emerged a pattern of separated political activism, as black and white women who were organized separately for class and racial tension in the whole movement, and fundamental differences in the objectives of political movement and consciousness.
Black women engage in multi-pronged activism, as they do not often separate the objective of obtaining franchises from other destinations. and widespread racism adds to the urgency of their multi-faceted activism. Most black women who support the expansion of the franchise seek to improve the lives of black women with black men and children, who radically separate them from their white counterparts. While white females are focused on getting franchises, black women seek to improve their community as a whole, rather than improving their individual exclusively as women. In Women, Races, and Classes, Angela Davis explains that "black women are the same as their men in the oppression they suffer... and they reject slavery with the same passion as their male", which highlights the source of those who more holistic. activism. After the civil war, many African-American women struggled to keep their interests at the forefront of the political sphere, as many reformers tended to regard in their rhetoric the assumption of "black being male and female being white".
The marginalization of African-American women
In 1890, two rival organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association, merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). When NAWSA began to gain support for its cause, its members realized that African-American women's exemptions would gain greater support, resulting in the adoption of a narrower view of women's suffrage than previously stated. NAWSA focuses on granting the rights solely to white women. African-American women begin to experience the women's "Anti-Black" women's right to vote. The National Women's Voter Rights Association considers the Northeastern-colored Women's Club Federation to be the responsibility of the association because of the South white woman's attitude toward black women getting votes. Southern Whites fear African Americans gain more political gain and thus power; African-American women voters will help to achieve this change.
The women's suffrage movement began with women like Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth, and developed into women like Ida B. Wells, Mary Terrell Church, Ella Baker, Rosa Parks, Angela Davis, and many others. All of these women play a very important role, such as contributing to the progress of progress and efforts to end the lifting of African-American women's rights. These women are discriminated against, harassed, and raped by southern and northern men, but they remain strong and persistent, and that power has been passed down from generation to generation. This is still done in African-American families today. "African American women, have been political activists for their entire history in the Americas but long denied the right to vote and hold office, have used non-traditional politics.
After his arrest in 1970, "Davis became a political prisoner, national and international protests for the release of Angela mobilized around the world.For the two years he spent in prison, Davis read, wrote essays on injustice, and prepared as a legal counselor for his own defense. Eventually, Davis was released on bail in 1972 and then released from all criminal charges at the jury trial. "
Creation of the National Female Woman Association
The American Women's Rights Entrepreneurial Movement began in the north as a middle-class white women's movement with a large proportion of its members being educated white females mainly from Boston, New York, Maine and the Northeast. Efforts were made by the National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA) to include working-class women, as well as black suffragists. In 1848 the American Equality Rights Association was formed with the conviction that everyone regardless of race or sex should be given the right to vote. During this period, a division was formed between the women's movement. The 14th amendment is being proposed and the black man is on the cusp of receiving the right to vote. The NSWA convened a convention to discuss how to progress and women were divided on this issue. Some women do not want to risk losing opportunities for black men to gain the right to vote, and imagine that women will get their turn. They saw this proposed amendment as a victory. Other women like Anthony and Stanton are angry with this decision and feel that this decision is not good enough, and that black or white women, should not be excluded from voting.
The fourteenth and fifteenth amendments were finally ratified by Congress and women still have not been granted the right to vote. As time goes by the leaders of the National Women's Voting Rights Association begin to see African American Select and American Rights as a different matter. The reasons for this change of ideals varied but in the 1890s younger women began to take on leadership roles and the likes of Stanton and Anthony were no longer in power. Another reason for the change in the ideals between the movements was the increasing thought of "white supremacy" against women entering the movement from the south. Now with disputes and disagreements between NWSAs, African American women go and join together to form their own organization.
In June 1892 the Colored Women's League was founded in Washington D.C. Under their president Helen Cook, CWL fought for blacks and held a nightclub. A Boston group under the leadership of Mrs. Booker T. Washington called the National Federation of African-American Women Joining the Colored Women League out of Washington DC In 1896, the two groups joined together to form the National Color Women's Association under Mrs. Mary Church Terrell. Mary Church Terrell was a college-educated woman and was named first president. The group does a lot to contribute to the improvement of black women, as well as many other unnamed small groups.
"Educated Suffragist"
The NAWSA movement marginalized many African-American women and through this effort developed the idea of ​​"educated suffragist." It is the notion that being educated is an essential prerequisite for the permission of the right to vote. Because many African-American women are uneducated, this idea means the exclusion of the right to vote. This movement is prevalent in the South but ultimately gaining momentum in the North as well. African-American women are not hindered by rising opposition and becoming more aggressive in their campaign to find equality with other men and women.
As a result, many women are mobilized during this time period and work to get African-American women involved and included in the voting movement, focusing on African Americans and women's education on local government issues. In 1913, the Alpha Suffrage Club was founded, with Ida B. Wells as one of the founders and leaders, is believed to be the first African-American women's rights association in the United States. The group works in the publication of the letter Alpha Suffrage Record for the canvas environment and political opnion vote. One of the many black women who focuses on developing literary "artistic and intellectual development" among African-Americans in the north is Bettiola Heloise Fortson. Fortson has been an active member of various women's clubs in the Chicago area and she founded her own women's literary studies club, the University Society of Chicago.
All African-American women who participated in the crucial struggle against their exclusion from the women's suffrage movement waited seventy years or more to see the results of their work.
Problems polling
Despite the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, African-American women, especially those in the South, still face some problems. At first, African-American women in the North could easily register to vote, and some were actively involved in politics. One such woman was Annie Simms Banks who was elected to serve as a delegate to the Republican Party of Kentucky in March 1920. The white south people noticed African-American women activists organizing themselves for suffrage, and after the passing of the 19th Amendment, African-American female voter registration in Florida is higher than white women. Because of white fears about them holding political power, African-American women find themselves targeted by a number of methods of lifting rights. This includes having to wait in line for up to twelve hours to register to vote, pay head taxes, and undergo a new test. One of the new tests requires African-American women to read and interpret the Constitution before it is considered eligible to vote. In the South, African-American women face even more severe obstacles to vote. These obstacles include physical losses and false allegations designed to land them in jail if they attempt to vote. The treatment of African-American women in the South continued into the 1960s.
See also
Biographical links
- Sojourner Truth
- Ida B. Wells
- Josephine Beall Willson Bruce
- Mary Terrell Church
- Verina Morton Jones
Historical links
- Alpha Suffrage Club
- Is not I a Woman?
- National Female Woman Association
Note
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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