Clinical Pathology (US, UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, Peru), Laboratory Medicine (Germany, Romania, Poland, Eastern Europe) b> Clinical/Medical Biology (France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Austria, North Africa and the West...), is a medical specialty related to the diagnosis of disease based on Laboratory analysis of body fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using chemical, microbiological, hematological and molecular pathology. This feature requires medical residency.
Video Clinical pathology
Lisensi dan subspesialitas
The American Board of Pathology states its clinical pathology, and recognizes the following secondary specialization of clinical pathology:
- Chemical pathology, also called clinical chemistry
- Hematopathology
- Blood Banking - Drug transfusions
- Clinical microbiology
- Cytogenetics
- Molecular genetic pathology.
In some countries, other subspecialties include Certified Clinical Biological responsibilities:
- Reproductive biology including Reproduction Assisted technology, Bank sperm and Cement analysis
- Immunopathology
Maps Clinical pathology
Organization
Clinical pathologists are often medical doctors. In some countries in South America, Europe, Africa or Asia, this specialization may be practiced by non-doctors, such as Ph.D or Pharm.D after the variable number of years of residency.
In the United States
Clinical pathologists work in close cooperation with clinical scientists (clinical biochemists, clinical microbiologists, etc.), medical technology experts, hospital administrators, and referral physicians to ensure the accuracy and optimal utilization of laboratory testing.
Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of pathology, the other being anatomical pathology. Often, pathologists practice anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination sometimes known as general pathology. Similar specializations exist in animal pathology.
Clinical pathology itself is divided into sub-specialties, the main ones are clinical chemistry, clinical hematology/blood banking, clinical hematopathology and clinical microbiology and emerging sub-specialties such as molecular and proteomic diagnostics. Many areas of clinical pathology overlap with anatomical pathology. Both can serve as CLIA certified laboratory medical director. Under the CLIA law, only the US Department of Health and Human Services is approved by Certified Certification Board, D Sc, or MD and DO who can perform the duties of the Director of Medical or Clinical Laboratories. These overlaps include immunoassays, flow cytometry, microbiology and cytogenetics and any tests carried out on the network. The overlap between anatomical and clinical pathology evolves into molecular and proteomic diagnostics as we move toward the best use of new technologies for personalized medicine.
In Europe
Recently, EFLM has chosen the name "Specialist in Medical Laboratory" to define all European pathologists, regardless of their training (M.D, Ph.D or Pharm.D).
In France, Clinical Pathology is called Medical Biology ("Biologie mÃÆ'Ã… © dicale") and is practiced by M.D.s and Pharm.Ds. Residency lasted four years. The specialist in this discipline is called "Biologiste mÃÆ'Ã… © dical" which is literally translated as Clinical Biologist rather than "Clinical Pathologist".
Workplace
See the medical laboratory.
Tools
Microscopes, analyzers, strips, centrifugal machines...
Macroscopic examination
Visual examination of the fluid taken is the first major indication for a pathologist or physician. The fluid aspect, in addition, conditions the analytical assumptions of the responsibilities that follow and the validity of the end result.
Microscopic examination
Microscopic analysis is an important activity of pathologists and laboratory assistants. They have many different colors they have (GRAM, MGG, Grocott, Ziehl-Neelsen,...). Immunofluorescence, cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry and FISH are also used to make the correct diagnosis.
This stage allows the pathologist to determine the character of the fluid: "normal", tumoral, inflammatory and even infectious. Indeed, microscopic examination can often determine the infectious agent of the cause, in general bacteria, fungi, yeast, or parasite, less often the virus.
Analyzer
See Auto Analyzer.
The analysis, by robotics and spectrophotometric associations, allows for the last decade to be better reproducibility of the results of proportions, particularly in medical biochemistry and hematology.
The in vitro diagnostics companies then try to sell the automated chains, a system that allows automatic transfer of the tubes toward different types of automat of the same mark. This system may include computer-assisted serum library management.
This analyzer must undergo daily control to ensure a possible outcome, one talking about quality control. These analyzers should also undergo daily, weekly, and monthly treatments.
Culture
A large part of clinical pathology examination, especially in medical microbiology, uses culture media. They allow, for example, a description of one or more infectious agents responsible for clinical signs.
Value known as "normal" or reference value
Detailed article: Reference range.
See also
- Pathology
- Medical laboratory
- Anatomical Pathology
- Medical technologist
- Veterinary pathology
- Clinical Biologist
Notes and references
External links
- The American Association for Clinical Chemistry
- American Society for Clinical Pathology
- American Board of Pathology
- College of American Pathologists
- The European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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