Housekeeping is an especially American term for home management, otherwise known as housework , house , or housekeeping . It is the act of overseeing the day-to-day operations of a home or housing, and managing other domestic problems. Someone in charge of housekeeping, who is not employed outside the home, is in the US and Canada is often called housewife , the name for a housewife or a householder. The term "housewife", however, may also refer to the social worker who manages the household during the inability of the housewife or household.
Domestic work is not always a lifetime commitment; many, for economic or personal reasons, return to work. In previous decades, there have been many compulsory courses for young people to learn housekeeping skills. In high school, courses include cooking, nutrition, home economics, family and consumer science (FACS), and food and cooking hygiene. The latter may underlie the tradition that a housewife is depicted wearing an apron. Most recently, most of these courses have been removed, and many youth in secondary schools and colleges will be more likely to study child development and behavioral management of children.
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Houseware
The methods and functions of domestic work differ in the industrial world and in other countries, with a balance of convenience, labor saving tools and easier methods of being in the wishes of industrial housewives. The reason is that mechanical inventions have been applied extensively to different home tasks. The inventor has developed mechanical labor saving devices not only for stores and offices, but also for homes. There are, in the market, thousands of household appliances, devices and equipment for every domestic need. Only left for housewives to choose between them.
Another reason for the huge supply and demand for domestic workers in the industrial world is that housewives must face the increasingly complex problem of rare household assistance. With cheap labor, the need for mechanical labor replacement, or "mechanical servants", will not feel sharp, however, the majority of housewives run their own household duties. It is a housewife class who is actively concerned with housework that is the most modern labor saver and modern tool. The time and effort of a housewife deserves to be preserved by all means. Therefore, housewives should be eager to buy and use all household appliances that will save their time and power and free them from tedious domestic work.
While some housewives are "useful" with tools, the fact remains that most housewives are unfamiliar with the different principles involved in mechanical tools and devices. However, housewives are called to have knowledge of the principles of applied mechanics. The courses in physics schools unfortunately leave students with little practical knowledge that can be applied to household appliances. Gaining knowledge about household appliances can cause housewives to purchase good quality equipment, which can help in saving time and labor.
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Household
Households by housewives are care and property control, ensuring proper maintenance and use and appearance. The house is a place to stay. In a private home, an attendant or housekeeper may be hired to do some housework. Domestic work is a job done by housekeeping. Some households cleaning houses and some households are homework. Homework is housework that needs to be done on a regular basis, Housekeeping includes budget and expense control, preparing food and buying food, paying hot bills, and cleaning the house.
Cooking
Most modern homes contain sanitation facilities and means of preparing food. The kitchen is a room or part of the room used by housewives to cook, prepare food and food preservation. In the West, modern kitchens are usually equipped with stoves, ovens, sinks with hot and cold water, refrigerators and kitchen cabinets. Many housewives use microwave ovens, dishwashers and other electrical appliances such as blenders and convection stoves and automatic equipment such as rotimatic and automatic stoves. The main function of the kitchen is cooking or preparing food but can also be used for dining and entertainment.
Cooking is the process of preparing food with or without heat, making and selecting, measuring and combining ingredients in a regular procedure to produce safe and edible food. This process includes various methods, tools and combinations of ingredients to change the taste, appearance, texture, or digestibility of food. Factors affecting the final result include material variability, ambient conditions, equipment, and the skills of individuals who do actual cooking.
The diversity of cooking around the world is a reflection of the aesthetic, agricultural, economic, cultural, social and religious diversity across nations, races, beliefs and tribes around the world. Applying heat to food usually, though not always, chemically alters it, thus altering the taste, texture, consistency, appearance, and nutritional properties. Cooking methods that involve boiling liquid in a container have been practiced for at least 10 millennia BC, with the introduction of pottery.
Clean
House cleaning by housewives is a systematic process of keeping the house clean and tidy. It can be applied more broadly that only individual houses, or as metaphors for similar "cleaning" processes are implemented elsewhere such as procedural reform. In the process of cleaning the house cleaning the finished activities, such as disposing of garbage, storing goods in ordinary places, cleaning up dirty surfaces, dust and dust. These details are quite diverse and quite complicated so many books have been published about this. The websites on the internet have many articles about house cleaning. Tools include vacuum cleaners, brooms and mops. Inventories such as cleaning and sponge solutions are sold in grocery stores and elsewhere. Professional cleaners can be hired for less frequent or specialist tasks such as cleaning curtains, carpets, and sofas. Professional services are also offered for basic tasks. Security is a consideration because some toxic cleaning products and some physical cleaning tasks are demanding. Green cleaning refers to cleaning without causing pollution. The history of cleaning the house has a relationship with technological advances.
House cleaning work includes cleaning the leaves from rain gutters, washing windows, sweeping doormats, cleaning pools, getting rid of grass furniture, and littering.
Laundry
Laundry refers to the act of washing clothes and linen, where washing is done, and/or what is necessary, medium, or has been washed. Various chemicals can be used to increase the solvency of water, such as soaproot or yucca-root compounds used by Native American tribes. Soaps, compounds made from alkali (from wood-ash) and fat, are ancient and very common ancient aids. Modern washing machines usually use powder or liquid detergents instead of traditional soaps. Once clean, the clothes have been squeezed - twisted to remove most of the water. Then they hang on a pole or clothesline to dry the air, or sometimes just spread on the clean grass.
Washing machines and dryers are now available in homes around the world. In some parts of the world, including the US, Canada and Switzerland, apartment buildings and dormitories often have a laundry room, where residents share washing machines and dryers. Usually the machine is set to run only when the money is put into the coin slot. In other parts of the world, apartment buildings with laundry rooms are rare, and each apartment may have its own washing machine. Those who do not have machines at home or use the laundry room should wash their clothes by hand or visit the commercial laundry.
Clothes dryers are household appliances used to remove moisture from clothing and other textile loads, generally as soon as they are cleaned in a washing machine. Most dryers consist of a rotating drum called a tumbler through which hot air is circulated to evaporate moisture from the load. Tumbler is played relatively slowly to keep the distance between items in the load. In most cases, the tumbler is driven by the belt by an induction motor. Using these machines can cause the clothing to shrink, become less soft (due to the loss of short soft fibers/fibers) and fade. For this reason, as well as environmental issues, many people use open air methods such as clothing lines and horse clothing.
The laundry flour is used in laundry. Starches were widely used in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries to reinforce the wide collars and tassels of fine linen that surrounded the necks of the rich. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was a force to strengthen the collars and sleeves of men's men and ruffles women's skirts by applying the starch to them while clean clothes were ironed. Apart from the smooth, crisp edges provided for clothing, it also serves a practical purpose. The dirt and sweat from one's neck and wrist will stick to the starch instead of the clothing fibers, and will easily drift along with the starch. After each washing, the starch will be reapplied. Currently the product is sold in aerosol cans for home use.
Maintenance
Housewives who follow predictive maintenance techniques determine the condition of in-service equipment to predict when maintenance should be done. This approach offers cost savings over routine or time-based maintenance, because the task is done only when it is guaranteed. Housewives who follow preventive maintenance methods ensure that home and home appliances are in satisfactory operating conditions by providing for the inspection, detection and correction of new failures before they occur or before they develop into major defects.
Home maintenance
Home care involves diagnosis and problem solving at home, and related to home maintenance to avoid the problem. Many types of treatments are the "Do it yourself" project (DIY). Treatment does not have to be the same as home improvement, although many improvements can result from repair or maintenance. Often greater repair costs will justify investment alternatives in full scale upgrades. It might also make sense to upgrade the home system (with the fixed ones) to fix it or do more frequent and expensive maintenance for inefficient, outdated or dying systems. For DIY projects, too useful is the time limit and money investments set before the improvements (or list of improvements) become extraordinary and discouraging, and less likely to be resolved.
Lawn Maintenance
Homeowners who have grass responsibilities comply with seasonal garden maintenance practices, which vary to some extent depending on the climate zone and the growing species of grass (either winter or warm season). The various known methods used by housewives in garden care are observed in any area. In the spring or early summer, housewife seeds, soil, or cuttings of the yard when the soil is warmer. In summer lawn mowers are used on high cuts for winter grasses, and low cuts for summer grasses. In autumn, the grass is trimmed by housewives at lower altitudes and the straw growing on the warm season grass is removed. The housewives add sandy clay and use the fertilizer, which contains several types of wetting agents. The winter courtyard is planted in autumn with sufficient rainfall. Wet grass treatment is minimal, requiring only snack foods from organic materials, such as green waste compost, and minerals to encourage earthworms and beneficial microbes.
Management
Housewarming by housewives is the act of overseeing the organization's operations, finances, and daily living of the home or housing. This is different from housekeeping, which consists of physical care and house cleaning.
Also common in the US is a hospitality feast that involves a group of people doing household chores instead of hanging out with their friends.
House organization
Organizations of houses or home organizations including interior design that makes aesthetic homes; and de-cluttering that eliminates unnecessary things from home.
Interior design
The interior design makes the house aesthetic. Activities include arranging furniture, having plants in the house, and more.
De-cluttering
De-cluttering a home involves putting things in the right place after they are used. "Cleaning up your mess" might involve removing glasses or eating utensils from the living room if you eat there in front of the television. If some people have been doing it for a few days and do not remove their glasses, plates, and equipment from the living room, the living room is considered "messy" with dishes. Plates are out of place because they are included in the kitchen, washed and stored in a cupboard. That is the most common example of the chaos in modern American households.
There is another definition of chaos, which refers to having too many things and not enough space for all of them. Sometimes as it happens in Asian households, the goods are needed, but the house is too small, and ingenious methods are needed to set things up so that the unpleasant mess does not happen. However, disposing of unnecessary or unnecessary items from home or home is also an aspect of irregularity. Objects can be given to friends or charity organizations, sold as used, recycled or discarded.
The extreme form of inability to de-clutter is the aspect of compulsive hoarding behavior. On the other hand, a society that relies heavily on the creation and then disposing of waste is called a wasted society.
Household purchase
Household purchases refer to the housewife's efforts to obtain goods or services to achieve household goals. While some households are trying to set standards in the buying process, the process can vary greatly between households. Usually the word "purchase" is not used interchangeably with the word "procurement", since procurement usually includes other concepts. The home maker decides which market items to buy by the household, such as groceries purchased at the grocery store.
Another important purchase handled by housewives is the electricity source used for the equipment. Home or other building heating may include boilers, stoves, and water heaters. Compressed natural gas is used in rural homes with no connection to public utility services, or with a portable toaster. However, because it is less economical than LPG, LPG (Propane) is the dominant source of rural gases for natural gas-powered ranges and/or ovens, dryer heated with natural gas, heating/cooling and central heating. The amount of use is determined by factors such as natural gas prices.
Servant
Home builders can manage domestic workers or "domestic workers".
Work strategy
In sociology, domestic work strategy is the division of labor between household members, either implicit or explicit decision making results, with alternatives weighed in a simplified cost-benefit analysis type. This is a plan for the relative dissemination of household members' time between these three occupations:
- in the market economy , including home-based self-employment, to earn money to buy goods and services on the market;
- domestic production work , such as cultivating vegetable farms or raising chickens, pure to supply food to households; and
- domestic consumption jobs to provide goods and services directly within the household, such as cooking food, childcare, home improvement, or making clothes and gifts.
Household employment strategies may vary over the life cycle, such as the age of household members, or with the economic environment; they can be worn by one person or decided collectively.
Household production
Housekeeping is described by economists as "household production". Household production has been defined as "the production of goods and services by members of the household, for their own consumption, using their own capital and their own unpaid labor รข€¢ goods and services produced by households for their own use including accommodation, food, clean clothes, and childcare.The household production process involves the transformation of semi-finished goods purchased into final consumption commodities, with households using their own capital and their own labor. "
Goods and services made at the household level are generally consumed in the country in which they are produced, thereby contributing to "Domestic Consumption".
Wages for housework
The International Wage for Household Domestic Work Campaign is a global social movement founded in 1972 in Padua, Italy, by writer and activist Selma James. The campaign was created to raise awareness of how domestic work and childcare are the foundation of all industrial work and to stake claims that these unavoidable tasks should be compensated as wages, paid labor. Demands for Wages for Domestic Work formally call for economic compensation for domestic work but also use this demand to more generally draw attention to female affective workers, capitalist economic dependence on exploitative labor practices on women, and inequality in leisure time.
History
Many home appliances have been created that make household work faster or more effective than before the industrial revolution. These include:
- Washing machine
- Clothes dryer
- Dishwasher
- Sewing Machine
- Vacuum cleaner
- Small electrical appliances such as electric mixers, blenders, toasters, and coffee makers
- Microwave oven
- Refrigerators, reduce the amount of groceries, or the amount of food preservation work to be done
Utilities can potentially eliminate jobs such as collecting and cutting firewood, shoveling coal, taking water from outside, and heating cold tap water.
Historian Ruth Schwartz Cowan claims that housewives in the 1800s do about 50-60 working hours per week, and this is the same as the 1990s. He says that labor-saving tools have been used to make the same amount of time do more work, such as by vacuuming carpet dust instead of sweeping it, or washing cloth more often. Modern parents are also more often transporting their children after school activities, and doctors no longer make home calls.
See also
- Handyman
- Household economy
- Scientific management
Resources and resources
- References
- Source Lopata, H. Z. (1994). Circles and settings: Change the role of American women. SUNY series in gender and society. Albany: State University of New York Press. " Housewife " Page 137.
Further reading
- "Friendly Visit among the Poor"; by Mary Ellen Richmond. " The Homemaker ", Page 64ff.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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