Couple therapy (also couples counseling or wedding therapy ) seeks to enhance romantic relationships and resolve interpersonal conflicts.
Video Couples therapy
Histori
Marriage counseling originated in Germany in 1920 as part of the eugenics movement. The first institute for marriage counseling in the United States began in the 1930s, partly in response to a medically directed racial purification medical counseling center in Germany. It was promoted in the United States by both eugenicists such as Paul Popenoe and Robert Latou Dickinson and by birth control supporters such as Abraham and Hannah Stone who wrote A Marriage Manual in 1935 and were involved with Planned Parenthood. Other founders in the United States include Lena Levine and Margaret Sanger.
It was not until the 1950s that therapists began treating psychological problems in the family context. Therefore, relationship counseling as a separate and professional service is a new phenomenon. Until the end of the twentieth century, informal counseling work is full of close friends, family members, or local religious leaders. Psychiatrists, psychologists, counselors and social workers historically deal primarily with individual psychological problems within the medical and psychoanalytic framework. In many less technologically advanced cultures in the world today, family, village or elder group institutions fulfill relationship counseling work. Today marriage mentoring reflects those cultures.
With the rise of modernization or westernization in many parts of the world and a continuing shift toward isolated core families, the tendency is toward trained and accredited counselors or partner therapists. Sometimes volunteers are trained by government agencies or social services to help those who need family or marriage counseling. Many communities and government departments have team of volunteer counselors and trained professionals. Similar services are operated by many universities and colleges, sometimes managed by volunteers from among student groups. Some large companies maintain full-time professional counseling staff to facilitate smoother interactions between company employees, to minimize the negative effects that personal difficulties may have on work performance.
There is a growing trend toward professional certification and government registrations of these services. This is partly due to the problem of maintenance tasks and consequences of counselors or therapist services provided in fiduciary relationships. See also the alienation of affection.
Maps Couples therapy
Basic principles
Before relationships between individuals can begin to be understood, it is important to recognize and acknowledge that everyone, including the counselor, has a unique personality, perception, set of values ​​and history. Individuals in relationships can adhere to different and untested value systems. Institutional and societal variables (such as social, religious, group and other collective factors) that shape the nature and behavior of a person are considered in the process of counseling and therapy. A principle of relationship counseling is that it is intrinsically beneficial for all participants to interact with each other and with the wider community with the optimal number of conflicts. The conflict resolution skills of couples seem to predict the divorce rate.
Most relationships will experience tension at some time, resulting in failure to function optimally and produce self-reinforcing, maladaptive patterns. These patterns can be called "negative interaction cycles." There are many possible reasons for this, including insecure attachments, ego, arrogance, jealousy, anger, greed, poor communication/understanding or problem solving, poor health, third parties and so on.
Changes in situations such as financial circumstances, physical health, and the influence of other family members can have a profound effect on the behavior, responses, and actions of individuals in a relationship.
Often it is an interaction between two or more factors, and often it is not just one of the people involved who exhibit such traits. The influence of relationships is reciprocal: it takes everyone involved to create and manage problems.
The feasible solution to the problem and arrangement of these relationships is back on track as possible to reorient individual perceptions and emotions - how one sees or responds to a situation and feels about them. The emotional perception and response to a relationship is contained in the mental map of a relationship that is often untested, also called the love map by John Gottman. This can be explored collaboratively and openly discussed. Their core values ​​can then be understood and appreciated or changed when they are no longer appropriate. This means that everyone takes the same responsibility for the awareness of the problem, awareness of their own contribution to the problem and makes some fundamental changes in thinking and feeling.
The next step is to adopt structural changes that are conscious of interpersonal relationships and evaluate the effectiveness of those changes over time.
Indeed, "usually for close personal relations there is a certain level of 'interdependence' - which means that partners alternate are interdependent.As a special aspect of such a relationship something contradictory is laid out: the need for intimacy and for autonomy. "
"The required general equilibrium satisfaction, intimacy and autonomy, results in mutual satisfaction in relationships and stability, but it depends on the specific developmental tasks of each partner in every phase of life and maturity."
Basic practices
Two methods of couples therapy focus primarily on the process of communicating. The most commonly used method is active listening, used by the late Carl Rogers and Virginia Satir, and recommended by Harville Hendrix in Getting the Love You Want . Recently, a method called "Cinematic Immersion" has been developed by Warren Farrell on Women Can not Hear What Men Do not Tell . Each helps couples learn communication methods designed to create a safe environment for each partner to express and hear feelings.
When the Munich Marriage Study found active listening not to be used in the long term, Warren Farrell observed that active listening did a better job of creating a safe environment for critics to criticize than for listeners to hear criticism. Listeners, often feeling overwhelmed by criticism, tend to avoid meeting in the future. He hypothesizes that we are biologically programmed to respond defensively to criticism, and therefore listeners need to be deeply trained with mental exercises and methods to interpret as love that may seem rough. The method is Cinematic Immersion.
After 30 years of research on marriage, John Gottman found that healthy couples almost never listen and echo each other's feelings naturally. Whether miserable or radiant happy, couples say what they think about a problem, and "they are angry or sad, but their spouse's response is never the same as what we train people to do in the listener's practice, not even close."
Such exchanges occur in less than 5 percent of marriage interactions and they do not predict whether marriage will work well or poorly. Moreover, Gottman noted, data from a 1984 Munich study showed that exercise (listening to reflective) itself does not help couples to improve their marriages. To teach such interactions, whether as a daily tool for couples or as a therapeutic exercise in empathy, is a clinical impasse.
Instead emotionally focused therapy for couples (EFT-C) is based on the theory of attachment and using emotions as targets and agents of change. Emotions bring the living past in a rigid interaction pattern, which creates and reflects the emotional state of absorbing. As one of its founders, Sue Johnson said,
Forget about learning to argue better, analyze your childhood, make great romantic moves, or experiment with new sexual positions. Instead, recognize and acknowledge that you are emotionally bonded and dependent on your partner in the same way that a child does to parenting to nurture, soothe and protect. From the book, "Hold Me Tight" by Sue Johnson, Page 6.
Research on therapy
The most studied approach to couples therapy is behavioral pair therapy. This is an established treatment for marital disputes. This form of therapy has evolved into what is now called integrative behavioral pair therapy. Integrated behavioral pair therapy seems to be effective for 69% of couples in treatment, whereas the traditional model is effective for 50-60% of couples. In the five years of follow-up, the marital happiness of 134 couples who had participated in integrative behavior pair therapy or traditional pair therapy showed that 14% of the relationship remained unchanged, 38% deteriorated, and 48% improved or fully recovered.
Counselor or partner therapist
Couples of licensed therapists may refer to psychiatrists, social clinical workers, psychologists, pastoral counselors, marriage and family therapists, and psychiatric nurses. The duty and function of a relationship counselor or couples partner is to listen, respect, understand, and facilitate better functioning among those involved.
The basic principles for counselors include:
- Provides a secret dialog, which normalizes feelings
- To allow everyone to be heard and heard alone
- Provide a mirror with expertise to reflect the relationship difficulties and potential and direction of change
- Empower relationships to control their own destiny and make important decisions
- Submit relevant and appropriate information
- Change the look of the relationship
- Improve communication
As well as above, the basic principles for partner therapists also include:
- To identify the negative repeating interaction cycle as a pattern.
- To understand the source of reactive emotions that drive patterns.
- To expand and rearrange major emotional responses in relationships.
- To facilitate the shift of partner interaction to a new interaction pattern.
- To create new and positive emotional events in relationships
- To foster secure bonding between partners.
- To help maintain a sense of intimacy.
The core principles of relationship counseling and partner therapy are:
- Respect
- Empathy
- Wisdom
- Approval
- Confidentiality
- Accountability
- Expertise
- Evidence based on
- Certification, ongoing training, and
In both methods, the practitioner evaluates the personal story and the couple's relationship as told, interjects wisely, facilitates both the decrease in the escalation of the unhelpful conflict and the development of realistic and practical solutions. Practitioners can meet each individual individually initially but only if this is beneficial to both, is consensual and unlikely to cause harm. An individualistic approach to the problem of spouses can cause harm. Counselors or therapists encourage participants to give their best efforts to reorient their relationships with one another. One of the challenges here is that everyone changes their own responses to their partner's behavior. Another challenge for this process is to reveal controversial or embarrassing events and reveal a closely guarded secret. Not all couples put all their cards on the table at first. It takes time.
New practice
New developments in the field of couples therapy have involved the introduction of insights gained from affective neuroscience and psychopharmacology into clinical practice.
Oxytocin
There is an interest in using the so-called love hormone oxytocin during the therapy sessions, although this is still largely experimental and somewhat controversial. Some researchers have argued that oxytocin has a general improving effect on all social emotions, because intranasal oxytocin also increases envy and Schadenfreude. Also, oxytocin also has the potential to be misused with self-confidence tricks.
popularized methodology
Although the results are almost certainly much better when professional guidance is used (see especially family therapy), many attempts to make the methodology publicly available through self-help books and other available media. In recent years, these self-help books have become increasingly popular to be popularized and published as e-books available on the web, or through content articles on blogs and websites. Challenges for individuals using this method are most often associated with other self-help therapies or self-diagnosis.
Using modern technology such as Skype voip conferencing to interact with practitioners is also becoming increasingly popular for their additional accessibility as well as removing existing geographic barriers. Entrusting in the performance and privacy of this technology can be a concern even though the structure is comfortable, especially compared to the convenience of face-to-face meetings.
Some sources include:
- John Gottman What Makes a Wedding Work
- Five Five Language Love - what the couple respond.
- Please Understand Me - define personal psychological makeup.
- Sue Johnson's Hold Me Tight - 'Love demands touch certainty. Most fights really protest because of the breakdown of emotional connection. Under pressure, partners are desperate to know: Are you there for me?
- Love & amp; Respect - the emotional needs of the couple.
- Divorce Divorce - a solution for saving and restoring relationships.
- Men Like Waffles - Women Like Spaghetti
- Wedding Fitness
With homosexual/bisexual clients
Different psychological theories play an important role in determining how effective counseling relationships, especially when it comes to homosexual/bisexual clients. Some experts peek at cognitive behavioral therapy as an optional tool for temporary intervention much dependent on acceptance therapy and commitment or cognitive analytical therapy. One major advance in this field is the fact that "marriage therapy" is now referred to as "couples therapy" to include unmarried individuals or those involved in the same sex. Most of the relationship problems are shared equally among couples regardless of sexual orientation, but LGBT clients must also deal with heteronativity, homophobia and socio-cultural discrimination and law. Individuals may experience relational ambiguity because they are in different stages of exit or have a serodiscordant HIV relationship. Often, same-sex couples do not have many role models of successful relationships as opposite sex partners. In many jurisdictions the LGBT couples who want families are denied access to aid reproduction, adoption and coaching, making them childless, feeling excluded, others and mourning. There may be a problem with the socialization of gender roles that do not affect the opposite sex partner.
A large number of men and women experience conflict over homosexual expression in mixed-mixed marriages. Pair therapy may include helping clients feel more comfortable and accepting same-sex feelings and exploring ways of combining same-sex and opposite-sex feelings into lifestyles. Although a strong homosexual identity is associated with difficulties in marital satisfaction, viewing same-sex activities as a compulsive facilitated commitment to marriage and monogamy.
See also
- Counseling
- Counseling psychology
- Family therapy
- Interpersonal psychotherapy
- List of basic relationship topics
- Relational interference
- Education relationship
- Sex therapy
- Social work
- List of counseling topics
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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