Interpersonal relationship

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An interpersonal relationship is a strong, deep, or close relationship or acquaintance between two or more people that can range in duration from short to lasting. This association may be based on conclusions, love, solidarity, ordinary business interactions, or some other kind of social commitment. Interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of social, cultural and other influences. The context may vary from family or kinship, friendship, marriage, relationships with colleagues, occupations, clubs, neighborhoods, and places of worship. They can be governed by common law, custom, or agreement, and are the basis of the social group and society as a whole.

Video Interpersonal relationship

As a field of study

The study of interpersonal relations involves several branches of social science, including disciplines such as sociology, communication studies, psychology, anthropology, and social work. Interpersonal skills are very important when trying to develop relationships with others. Scientific studies of relationships evolved during the 1990s and came to be called 'relationships', distinguishing themselves from anecdotal evidence or pseudo experts by basing conclusions on objective data and analysis. Interpersonal relationships are also subjects in mathematical sociology.

Maps Interpersonal relationship

Type

Intimate relationship

Romantic relationships are generally

Romantic relationships have been defined in many ways, by writers, philosophers, religions, scientists, and in modern times, relationship counselors. Two popular definitions of love are Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love and Fisher's love theory. Steinberg defines love in terms of intimacy, passion, and commitment, which he claims to exist in varying degrees in different romantic relationships. Fisher defines love as consisting of three stages, attraction, romantic love, and attachment. A romantic relationship may exist between two people of any gender, or among a group of people (see polyamory).

Romantic (love)

The single defining quality of a romantic relationship is the presence of love. Love, therefore, is just as difficult to define. Hazan and Shaver define love, using Ainsworth's attachment theory, which consists of closeness, emotional support, self-exploration, and separation distress when separated from loved ones. Other components that are generally agreed upon are needed for love are physical attraction, commonality, reciprocity, and self-disclosure.

Platonic Love

An intimate but non-romantic relationship is known as a platonic relationship.

Life stage

Early adolescence is characterized by friendship, reciprocity, and sexual experience. As adults grow older, they begin to develop attachment and quality of attention in their relationships, including love, bonding, security, and support for couples. Previous relationships also tend to be shorter and show greater involvement with social networks. Later connections are often characterized by shrinking social networking, as couples dedicate more time to each other than to peers. Later relationships also tend to show higher levels of commitment. Most psychologists and relationship counselors predict a decline in intimacy and passion from time to time, replaced by a greater emphasis on love (as opposed to adolescents' loving, committed, and partner-focused love). However, some studies do not find a decline in intimacy or in the importance of sex, intimacy, and passionate love for those who have longer or longer relationships. Older people tend to be more satisfied in their relationships, but face greater obstacles to entering new relationships than younger or middle-aged people. Older women in particular face social, demographic, and personal barriers; men aged 65 and older are almost twice as likely as women to be married, and widowers are almost three times more likely to date 18 months after losing their spouses than widows.

More significant

Another important term gained popularity during the 1990s, reflecting the growing acceptance of non-heteronormative relationships. This can be used to avoid making assumptions about gender or relationship status (eg marriage, coexistence, civic union) of one's intimate partner. The cohabiting relationship continues to increase, with many partners considering cohabitation to be almost as serious as, or as a substitute, marriage. LGBT, on the other hand, faces unique challenges in building and maintaining intimate relationships. Homo-negativity tensions and presenting themselves in accordance with socially acceptable gender norms can reduce the emotional and emotional benefits and benefits they experience in their relationships. LGBT youth also lacks the social support and peer connections enjoyed by hetero-normative youth. Nevertheless, comparative studies of homosexual and heterosexual couples have found some differences in the intensity, quality, satisfaction, or commitment of the relationship.

Marriage relationship

Although non-traditional relationships continue to increase, marriage is still the majority of relationships except among emerging adults. It is also still considered by many to occupy a more important place among families and social structures.

TOTEM

TOTEM is an acronym for "Too Old To Ever Marry". Many older people choose not to marry because of their age, financial obligations and family. Wills and often reverse mortgage holds, and marriage will complicate relationships. In a TOTEM relationship, each pair maintains its home and, in case of reverse mortgage, everyone maintains a place of residence in their own home sufficient to meet the reverse mortgage requirements. Wills, trusts, etc., are left in their original form and family members do not have to worry about their future.

Termination of the relationship

According to the latest systematic review of the economic literature on factors related to life satisfaction (dating from 2007), stable and secure relationships are very useful. Correspondingly, dissolution is dangerous.

The American Psychological Association has summarized evidence of separation. Breaking up can really be a positive experience when the relationship does not expand and when the separation leads to personal growth. They also recommend several ways to address experience:

• Deliberately focuses on the positive aspects of separation ("the factors that lead to separation, the real separation, and the right time after the breakdown")
• Minimizes negative emotions
• Notes the positive aspects of separation (eg "comfort, confidence, empowerment, energy, happiness, optimism, help, satisfaction, gratitude, and wisdom"). This exercise works best, though not exclusively, when breaking is mutual.

Less time between breaking up and subsequent relationships predicts higher self-esteem, clinging, emotional stability, respect for your new spouse, and greater well-being. Furthermore, the rebound relationship does not last much longer than the normal relationship. 60% of people are friends with one or more ex. 60% of people have off-and-on relationships. 37% of couples live together, and 23% of married, have broken up and returned with their existing partners.

Ending a marriage relationship means a divorce. One of the reasons cited for divorce is infidelity. The determinants of disloyalty are debated by dating service providers, feminists, academics, and science communicators. It is estimated that 55-65 percent of married men and 50-60 percent of married women engage in extramarital sex during their marriage.

According to Psychology Today, the level of commitment of women, rather than men, is stronger in determining whether a relationship will continue.

Age

Some studies show that getting married between the ages of 28-32 is a sweet place for a longer marriage. After that window, and before that, the divorce rate increased. Other research shows that the better you know your partner, and the longer you date before marriage, the lower the probability of divorce.

Dating experience

'Compared to dating less than a year before a marriage proposal, dating one to two years significantly decreases the likelihood of divorce in the future, about 20 percent lower at a given point in time. Dating three years or more reduces the likelihood of divorce to a greater extent, to about 50 percent lower at a given point in time. It shows that it would be helpful to have at least several years together before entering the wedding. '- Today's Psychology

Family relationship

Parent

Parent-child relationships are always people. In ancient times they were often characterized by fear, either rebellion or neglect, resulting in a rigorous filial role in, for example, ancient Rome and China. Freud understood the Oedipal complex, the supposed obsession of their mother's young boys and the accompanying fears and competition with their father, and the lesser-known Electra complex, where the young girl felt that her mother had castrated her and therefore became obsessed. with his father. Freud's ideas have influenced thinking about parent-child relationships for decades. The original concept of parent-child relationships is that love exists only as a biological boost for survival and comfort in the child's part. In 1958, however, Harry Harlow's landmark study comparing the rhesus reaction with the "mother" wire and the "mother" cloth showed the depth of emotion felt by the baby. The study also laid the groundwork for Mary Ainsworth's attachment theory, which shows how babies use their cloth "mother" as a safe base to explore. Ainsworth defines three parent-child relationship styles in a series of studies using strange situations, a scenario in which a baby is separated from, then reunited with parents. The attached baby safely loses the parents, greets them with joy upon returning, and shows normal exploration and lack of fear when parents are present. Unsafe avoidant babies show little difficulty when parting and ignoring caregivers when they return; they are a little exploring when parents are present. Unsafe ambivalent babies are greatly distressed by separation, but continue to feel sad for the return of parents; these babies also explore a bit and display fear even when parents are present. Some psychologists have suggested a fourth, irregular, attachment style called so because the infant's behavior appears disorganized or disoriented. The secure attachment style is associated with better social and academic outcomes, greater moral internalization, and less delinquency for children, and has been found to predict the success of later relationships. For much of the late nineteenth century to the twentieth century, the perception of parent-parent relations was a time of turmoil. Stanley Hall popularized "Sturm und drang", or storm and stress, a model of adolescence. Psychological research, however, has painted a much more benign picture. Although teenagers are more at risk of searching, and emerging adults have higher suicide rates, they are largely less stable and have much better relationships with their parents than this model would suggest. Early adolescence often marks a decline in the quality of parent- children, who are then re-stabilized through adolescence, and relationships are sometimes better in late adolescence than before onset. With increasing average age at marriage and more young people attending college and living with parents after their teens, the concept of a new period called maturity appears to be gaining popularity. This is considered a period of uncertainty and experimentation between adolescence and adulthood. During this stage, interpersonal relationships are considered more self-focused, and relationships with parents may still be influential.

Brothers

Your relationship has a profound effect on social, psychological, emotional, and academic outcomes. Although closeness and contact usually decline over time, your bonds continue to affect people throughout their lives. Relative relationships are influenced by parent-child relationships, so the childhood relationship often reflects the positive or negative aspects of the relationship of children with their parents.

• Egalitarian and Platonic Friendships
• Enemy
• Frenemy
  • Frenemy begins as a slang term, has entered the Oxford dictionary. It describes someone who is friendly with someone even though there is a fundamental conflict between the two. This conflict may include competition, distrust, or competition. Frenemies that emerge through competitive conflicts tend to be the center of attention or individuals that will be described as "Queens Drama." Frenemies that arise through competitive conflicts often feel the need to be better than the individual in some or many aspects of life, and in some cases feel the need to show shortcomings in others. Conflicts of trust tend to engage individuals who gossip or say negative things about others. While ambivalent interpersonal relationships (such as frenemies) are common, they have been found to contribute to stress-related cardiovascular problems and depressive symptoms
• Neighbors
• Business relationship
  • Partnership
  • Employers and employees
  • Contractor
  • Subscribers
  • Owner and lessee
• Official

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Importance

Humans are social beings and shaped by their experiences with others. There are some perspectives to understanding this inherent motivation to interact with others.

Needs to be owned

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, humans need to feel love (sexual/nonsexual) and acceptance from social groups (family, peer group). In fact, the need to possess is so deeply ingrained that it may be powerful enough to address physiological and security needs, such as attaching children to abusive parents or living in rough romantic relationships. Such examples illustrate the extent to which the psychobiological impulse is ingrained.

Social exchange

Another way to appreciate the importance of relationships is within the framework of rewards. This perspective shows that individuals engage in useful relationships in a tangible and intangible way. This concept fits into the larger theories of social exchange. This theory is based on the idea that relationships evolve as a result of a cost-benefit analysis. Individuals seek rewards in interaction with others and are willing to pay fees for the award. In the best case scenario, the prize will exceed the cost, generating a net profit. This can lead to "shopping" or constantly compare alternatives to maximize benefits or rewards while minimizing costs.

Relational self

Relationships are also important for their ability to help individuals develop a sense of self. The relational self is part of an individual's self-concept consisting of the feelings and beliefs one has about oneself that develop based on interactions with others. In other words, one's emotions and behavior are shaped by the previous relationship. Thus, relational self theory holds that previous and existing relationships affect one's emotions and behaviors in interactions with new individuals, especially individuals who remind them of others in their lives. Research has shown that exposure to someone who resembles a significant other activates certain self-beliefs, altering the way people think about themselves at the moment rather than exposure to someone who does not resemble a significant other.

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Power and dominance

Power is the ability to influence the behavior of others. When two parties have or declare an unequal level of power, one is called "dominant" and the other is "subordinate". Expression of domination can communicate the intention to affirm or maintain dominance in a relationship. Being obedient can be useful because it saves time, emotional stress, and can avoid hostile actions such as holding resources, cessation of cooperation, cessation, retaliation, or even physical violence. Submissions occur in different degrees; for example, some employees may follow orders without question, while others may declare disagreement but give up when pressed.

A group of people can form a hierarchy of dominance. For example, hierarchical organizations use command hierarchies for top-down management. This can reduce the time wasted in conflicts over unimportant decisions, prevent inconsistent decisions from harming organizational operations, maintain large workers' alignment with the goals of owners (which may not be personally shared by workers) and if promotions are based on merit , helping ensure that people with the best skills make important decisions. This contrasts with decision-making and group systems that drive decision-making and self-regulation by frontline employees, who in some cases may have better information about customer needs or how to work efficiently. Domination is just one aspect of organizational structure.

The power structure represents power and relations of domination in a larger society. For example, feudal societies under monarchy show a strong hierarchy of dominance in both physical economy and strength, while the relationship of dominance in society with democracy and capitalism is more complicated.

In business relationships, dominance is often associated with economic power. For example, a business can adopt an attitude of submission to customer preferences (store what customers want to buy) and complaints ("customers are always right") to earn more money. Companies with monopolistic power may be less responsive to customer complaints because they are able to take dominant positions. In a business partnership, "silent partner" is the person who adopts a position that is subject to all aspects, but retains financial ownership and part of the profits.

Two parties can be dominant in various fields. For example, in a friendship or romantic relationship, one person may have strong opinions about where to eat dinner, while others have a strong opinion on how to decorate a common room. This could be beneficial for parties with a weak preference to submit to the area, as it will not make them unhappy and avoid conflicts with those who will be unhappy.

The breadwinner model is associated with gender role assignments in which men in heterosexual marriages will be dominant in all areas.

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Pathological relationship

Abusive

Abusive relationships involve persecution or violence from one person to another and include physical harassment, physical neglect, sexual harassment, and emotional abuse. Rough relationships in the family are very prevalent in the United States and usually involve women or children as victims. Common individual factors for offenders include low self-esteem, poor impulse control, external locus of control, drug use, alcohol abuse, and negative effectiveness. There are also external factors such as stress, poverty, and loss that contribute to the possibility of abuse.

Codependent

Compliance initially focuses on a codependent partner that allows substance abuse, but has become more widely defined to describe dysfunctional relationships with extreme dependence on or preoccupation with others. There are some people who even consider codependency as an addiction to that relationship. The focus of the codependent individual tends to be on the emotional state, behavioral choices, thoughts, and beliefs of others. Often those who are codependent ignore themselves for the care of others and have difficulty developing their own identity.

Narcissistic

Narcissistic focus on themselves and often distanced themselves from intimacy; the focus of narcissistic interpersonal relationships is to promote one's self-concept. Generally narcissists show less empathy in relationships and see love pragmatically or as a game that involves the emotions of others.

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Stages

Interpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuously during their existence. Like living organisms, relationships have a beginning, a lifetime, and an end. They tend to grow and gradually increase, because people get to know each other and get emotionally closer, or they gradually get worse as people move away, move on with their lives and form new relationships with others. One of the most influential models of relationship development was proposed by psychologist George Levinger. This model is formulated to describe heterosexual, adult romantic relationships, but has been applied to other types of interpersonal relationships as well. According to the model, the natural development of a relationship follows five stages:

1. Contacts and acquaintances - Becoming acquainted depends on previous relationship, physical closeness, first impression, and many other factors. If two people start liking each other, continued interaction can lead to the next stage, but contacts can continue indefinitely. Another example is the association.
2. Buildup - During this stage people begin to trust and care for each other. The need for intimacy, compatibility, and such filtering agents as background and general purpose will affect whether the interaction will continue or not.
3. Continued - This stage follows a shared commitment to strong and close long-term friendships, romantic relationships, or even marriages. In general a long period, relatively stable. However, sustained growth and development will occur during this time. Trust is important to maintain relationships.
4. Deterioration - Not all relationships get worse, but those tend to show signs of trouble. Boredom, hatred, and dissatisfaction can occur, and individuals can communicate less and avoid self-disclosure. Loss of trust and betrayal can occur as the spiral decreases steadily, eventually terminating the relationship. (Alternately, participants may find several ways to solve problems and rebuild trust and confidence in others.)
5. Ending - The final stage marks the end of the relationship, either with separation, death, or by spatial separation for some time and sever all existing good relationships from friendship or romantic love.

Friendships may involve some degree of transitivity. In other words, a person can be a friend of your existing friends. However, if two people have sexual relations with the same person, they can be a competitor rather than a friend. Thus, sexual behavior with a partner's sexual partner can damage friendship (see love triangle). The sexual activity between two friends tends to change that relationship, either by "taking it to the next level" or by disconnecting it.

The list of interpersonal skills includes:

• Verbal communication - What we say and how we say it.
• Nonverbal communication - What we communicate without words, body language is an example.
• Listening skill - How we interpret verbal and non-verbal messages sent by others.
• Negotiation - Work with others to find mutually beneficial results.
• Troubleshooting - Working with others to identify, determine, and troubleshoot.
• Decision-making - Browse and analyze options for making good decisions.
• Assertiveness - Communicate our values, ideas, beliefs, opinions, needs, and desires freely.

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Relationship satisfaction

The social exchange theory and investment model of Rusbult show that relationship satisfaction is based on three factors: rewards, cost, and comparative rates (Miller, 2012). Prizes refer to any aspect of a partner or positive relationship. Conversely, cost is a negative or unpleasant aspect of their partner or relationship. The rate of comparison includes what each partner would expect from that relationship. The degree of comparison is affected by past relationships, and the expectations of their general relationships are taught by family and friends.

Individuals in long-distance relationships, LDR, rate their relationship as more satisfying than individuals in the proximal relationship, PRs. Or, Holt and Stone (1988) found that long-distance couples who can meet with their partners at least once a month have the same level of satisfaction with unmarried couples living together. Also, lower relationship satisfaction for LDR members who see their partners less frequently than once a month. LDR pairs report the same degree of satisfaction with a spouse in public relations, although only see each other on average every 23 days.

The theory of social exchange and investment models both theorizes that a high relationship in cost will be less satisfactory than a low-cost relationship. LDR has a higher cost level than PR, therefore, one would assume that LDR is less satisfactory than PR. Individuals in the LDR are more satisfied with their relationships than individuals in the PR. This can be explained by the unique aspects of the LDR, how individuals use relationships, and the attachment styles of individuals in relationships. Therefore, the costs and benefits of relationships are subjective to individuals, and people in the LDR tend to report lower costs and higher rewards in their relationships than with PR.

There is no gender difference in marital satisfaction, a highly related construction, between men and women

'The relationship education program has been found to produce a significant moderate increase in partner communication and relationship satisfaction in the short term. No studies have shown the effectiveness of relationship education in the long run. '

Other factors that contribute to relationship satisfaction, or relational factors that contribute to life satisfaction or comparable well-being measures are:

1. Positive vs negative: 'Huston and colleagues (2001) found that what happened at the beginning of the couple's time together tended to happen later. To support this eternal dynamics model, they observed that the level of negativity is generally stable in couples over time, but the increase in disappointment distinguishes couples that remain together versus the mess. ')
2. People with positive personality traits (eg hospitality) are more satisfied with their low relationships in these traits. The same study shows that people tend to pair up with people with personalities different from themselves - but the level of similarity/difference in personality between couples is irrelevant to their satisfaction with the relationship.
3. High status partners. Gaining the respect of your peer-to-face group improves your welfare
4. Both apologizing and refusing to apologize make you feel better than not coping with the problem
5. Lower expectations for better relationships for your relationships
6. Women are less satisfied with their relationship when their partner avoids talking about topics that trigger conflict, but men are not dissatisfied after the topic is avoided. "As reported by Charee Thompson of the University of Ohio, writing with Anita Vangelisti from the University of Texas (2016), there is a strong positive relationship between the quality of relationships and the extent to which partners feel their standards of openness are met.In illustrating what those standards are, noted, "People who support the standards of openness believe that partners should be willing and comfortable by expressing their needs, desires, feelings, emotions, and things that are bothering them." On the other hand, when couples engage in topic avoidance, they "feel they can not talk to partners about their thoughts and feelings, or that partners hide information from them" (page 321) "
7. Posting about relationships on facebook strengthens relationships. Posting on Facebook generally increases feelings of well-being, while hiding increases feelings of solitude.
8. Forgive:
9. Honesty has positive consequences for a relationship even after expressing resentment.
10. Not doing anything in response to anger or at least venting anger instead of expressing sadness instead
11. 'My statement' if you feel critical of your partner.
12. Number of contacts. There is some evidence that shows people who are very intelligent with friends who are often less happy than those who are more often in touch with friends, the more positive contact between happiness and happiness in the general population. Maybe it applies to a close friend.
13. Send compelling text messages: "Researchers Lori Schade, Jonathan Sandberg, Roy Bean, Dean Busby, and Sarah Coyne find that sending messages between partners can help or hurt a relationship.For women, use text to apologize, resolving differences, or making decisions are associated with lower quality relationships For men, too often SMS is associated with lower quality relations... On the positive side, researchers found that using text messages to express affection actually enhances relationships and creates bonds a stronger partner.Sending a loving text is even more closely related to relationship satisfaction than receiving one! "

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Relationships that evolve, flourish, bloom, bloom

Positive psychologists use various terms "developing, developing, blossoming, establishing relationships" to describe not only happy interpersonal relationships but characterized by intimacy, growth, and endurance. The growing relationship also allows for a dynamic balance between focusing on intimate relationships and focusing on other social relationships.

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While traditional psychologists who specialize in close relationships have focused on relationship dysfunction, positive psychology holds that the health of relationships is not just the absence of dysfunctional relationships. Healthy relationships are built on the foundations of secure attachment and are maintained with love and behaviors of a purposeful positive relationship. In addition, healthy relationships can be done to "grow." Positive psychologists explore what makes existing relationships evolve and what skills can be taught to partners to improve their existing personal relationships and their future. A social skills approach states that individuals differ in their communication skill level, which has implications for their relationship. The relationship in which a partner has and enforces relevant communication skills is more satisfying and stable than the relationship in which the partner lacks proper communication skills.

Attachment theory and adult attachments

Healthy relationships are built on the foundation of secure attachment. The adult attachment model represents a set of internal expectations and preferences about the relationship of intimacy that guides behavior. The secure adult attachment, characterized by avoidance and anxiety associated with low attachment, has many benefits. In the context of secure and safe attachment, one can pursue an optimal and growing human function. This is because social actions that strengthen feelings of attachment also stimulate the release of neurotransmitters such as oxytocin and endorphins, which relieve stress and create feelings of satisfaction. The theory of attachment can also be used as a means of explaining adult relationships.

Secure attachment styles are characterized by low intimacy and low anxiety over neglect. Safe individuals feel comfortable with intimacy and interdependence and are usually optimistic and social in everyday life. Individuals who are securely bonded usually use their spouse for emotional regulation so they prefer to have their partners at close range. Individuals who are busy tend to be low on avoidance of intimacy and high anxiety about neglect. Busy people are usually not easy and alert to any threat to relationships and tend to be needy and jealous. Stopping individuals low on anxiety over neglect and height in avoiding intimacy. Ignoring people is usually self-sufficient and not interested in intimacy and independence and does not care about getting a romantic partner. Individuals who are subordinated to a person who is afraid of high in avoidance of intimacy and high anxiety over neglect, which means they rarely let themselves in a relationship, and if they enter into one, are very anxious about losing a spouse. They are very afraid of rejection, not trusting others, and tend to be suspicious and embarrassed in everyday life. Attachment styles are created during childhood but can adapt and evolve to be different attachment styles based on individual experience. A bad separation or a bad romantic situation can turn a person from a secure attachment into an unsafe one. Conversely, a good romantic relationship can lead one from an attachment style that avoids a safer attachment style.

Romantic love

Capacity for love gives depth to human relationships, brings people closer to each other physically and emotionally, and makes people think expansively about themselves and the world.

Stages of romantic interpersonal relationships can also be characterized more generally by the following: attraction; initiation; development; defend vs terminate.

• Attractions - Planned or automatic, interest can occur between acquaintances, coworkers, lovers, etc., based on sexual stimulation, intellectual stimulation, or respect. Research has shown that interest can be vulnerable to influences based on external induced context and stimuli, with the warning that participants are unaware of the source of their passion. A study by Cantor, J. R., Bryant, J., & amp; Zillmann, D. (1975), stimulates passion through physical exercise and finds that participants judge erotic images 4 minutes post-exercise (when no longer aroused by exercise) rather soon after (when passion and consciousness are greater) or 10 minutes later (when passion the induced by exercise has been lost). As supported by a series of studies, Zillman and colleagues point out that pre-existing stimuli may increase reactions to affective stimuli. Classic study by Dutton & amp; Aron (1974) points out that the fear arising from suspension bridges leads to a higher ranking of attractions by men of the female confederation.
• Initiation - There are several catalysts in the initiation of a new relationship. One of the most common factors studied is physical proximity (also known as proximity). The well-known MIT Westgate studies show that greater physical proximity between students entering in a university residential dorm leads to greater initiation of relationships. More specifically, only 10% of those living at the ends of Westgate West regard mutual friends as more than 40% of those who live in adjacent apartments consider each other as friends. The theory behind this effect is that distance facilitates meeting of opportunities, leading to the initiation of new relationships. This is closely related to the effect of mere exposure, which states that the more an individual is exposed to a person or object, the more he likes it. Another important factor in the initiation of new relationships is similarity. Simply put, individuals tend to be interested and start new relationships with those who are similar to them. These similarities may include beliefs, rules, interests, culture, education, etc. Individuals seeking relationships with others like everyone else are likely to validate shared beliefs and perspectives, thus facilitating positive, beneficial and conflictless interactions.
• Development - The development of interpersonal relationships can be subdivided into non-commitment romantic relationship commitments, which have different behavioral characteristics. In a study by Miguel & amp; Buss (2011), men and women are found to be different in different retention strategies depending on whether their romantic relationship is done or not. A more committed relationship by both sexes is characterized by a greater view of resources, improved appearance, love and care, and verbal ownership of signs. Conversely, a less committed relationship by both sexes is characterized by greater induced jealousy. In terms of gender differences, men use a larger view of resources than women, who use more appearance enhancement as a partner retention strategy than men.
• Defend vs end - Once the relationship has time to expand, it enters a phase where it will be retained if it is not stopped. Some important qualities of a strong and lasting relationship include an effective emotional understanding and communication between partners. The idealization of one's partner is associated with stronger interpersonal ties. Idealization is a pattern of exaggerating the positive virtues of a romantic partner or underestimating a couple's negative mistakes compared to the self-evaluation of the couple itself. In general, individuals who idealize their romantic partner tend to report higher levels of relationship satisfaction. The romantic partners involved in new and interesting physical activity together are more likely to report a higher level of relationship satisfaction than partners who complete worldly activities.

In the theory of love triangle, psychologist Robert Sternberg theorizes that love is a mixture of three components: some (1) passion, or physical attraction; (2) intimacy, or a feeling of closeness; and (3) commitments, involving decisions to start and maintain relationships. The presence of these three components characterizes perfect love, the most durable kind of love. In addition, the presence of intimacy and passion in marital relations predicts marital satisfaction. Also, commitment is the best predictor of relationship satisfaction, especially in long-term relationships. The positive consequences of falling in love include an increase in self-esteem and self-efficacy.

Referring to the emotion of love, Psychiatrist Daniel Casriel defines "the logic of love" as "the logic of pleasure and pain" in the concept of "Roadmap Relationships" which form the basis of the PAIRS relationship education class.

"We are interested in what we anticipate will be a source of fun and will seek to avoid what we expect to be a source of pain." The emotion of love comes from the anticipation of pleasure. "

Based on Casriel's theory, maintaining a feeling of love in interpersonal relationships requires "effective communication, emotional comprehension and sound conflict resolution skills."

Empirical theories and research

Confucianism

Confucianism is the study and theory of relations especially in hierarchy. Social cohesion - the main purpose of Confucianism - produces a portion of every individual who knows his place in the social order, and plays his role well. Specific tasks arise from the special situation of everyone in relation to others. Individuals stand simultaneously in different relationships with different people: as junior in relation to parents and parents, and as a senior in relation to younger siblings, students, and others. Juniors are considered in Confucianism to owe their senior respect and seniors have the duty of benevolence and concern for juniors. The focus on mutuality is prevalent in East Asian cultures to this day.

Taking care of the relationship

Relationship awareness theory shows how closeness in relationships can be improved. Wandering is a "reciprocal knowing process involving nonstop, interrelated thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and the behavior of people in a relationship." The five components of "minding" include:

1. Know and be known: trying to understand partners
2. Creating attributions that improve relationships for behavior: benefits from doubts
3. Accept and appreciate: empathy and social skills
4. Maintain reciprocity: active participation in relationship enhancement
5. Continuity in thinking: persisting in mindfulness

The theory of intertype relations

Socionics has proposed the theory of intertype relationships between psychological types based on modified versions of C.G. Jung's theory of the psychological type. Communication between types is described using the concept of metabolic information proposed by Antoni K? Pi? Skiing. Socionics allocates 16 types of relationships - from the most interesting and comfortable to the contentious. Understanding the nature of this relationship helps solve a number of interpersonal relationship problems, including aspects of psychological and sexual compatibility. The study of married couples by Aleksandr Bukalov et al., Has shown that family relations are subject to the law, opened by socionics. The study of the allocation of sociological types to husbands who were chosen casually confirms the main rule of the theory of intertype relationships in sociology. Thus, multiple relationships (full additions) make 45% and intraquadral relationships make up 64% of couples under investigation.

Cultural appreciation

After studying married couples for years, psychologist John Gottman has proposed a "magic ratio" theory for successful marriage. The theory says that in order for marriage to succeed, couples must average a ratio of five positive interactions with one negative interaction. When the ratio moves to 1: 1, divorce becomes more likely. Interpersonal interactions associated with negative relationships include criticism, humiliation, self-defense, and infinity. Over time, therapy aims to change this interpersonal strategy to be more positive, which includes complaints, rewards, acceptance of responsibilities, and calm down. Similarly, partners in interpersonal relationships can combine positive components into difficult subjects to avoid emotional disconnection.

In addition, Martin Seligman proposes the concept of Active-Constructive Response, which emphasizes the importance of practicing conscious listening and conscious feedback. In essence, practicing this technique aims to improve the quality of communication between members of the relationship, and in turn the gratitude expressed between the members.

Take advantage of positive events

People can take advantage of positive events in an interpersonal context to work toward a growing relationship. People often turn to others to share their good news (called "capitalization"). Studies show that both the act of telling others about a good event and the response of the person with whom the event is shared has personal and interpersonal consequences, including positive emotional upgrading, subjective wellbeing, and self-esteem, and the benefits of relationships including intimacy, commitment, trust, taste, closeness, and stability. Studies show that the act of communicating positive events is associated with an increase in positive effects and well-being (beyond the impact of positive events themselves). Other studies have found that relationships in which couples respond to "good news" communication are enthusiastically associated with higher relationship prosperity. The Vulnerability Vulnerability Model (VSA)

VSA is a framework for conceptualizing the dynamic process of intimate relationships, which emphasizes the consideration of the various dimensions of function, including the perpetual susceptibility of spouse members, the experience of stressful events, and the adaptive process, to account for variations in marital quality and stability over time. According to the VSA model, to achieve a complete understanding of the functions of relationships, research must consider all functional dimensions, including durable susceptibility, stress, and adaptive processes simultaneously.

Other perspectives

Neurobiology of interpersonal connections

Humans are social beings, and no other process of behavior is more important than attachments . Attachment requires sensory and cognitive processes that lead to a complicated motor response. As a human being, the ultimate goal of attachment is the motivation for acquiring love, which is different from that of other animals seeking only closeness. There is an emerging research body in various disciplines that investigates the neurological basis of attachment and emotion and prosocial behavior that is a prerequisite for healthy adult relationships. The social environment, mediated by attachment, affects the maturation of structures in the child's brain. This may explain how the infant's attachment affects the emotional health of an adult. This continues throughout the childbirth period. A positive relationship between caregiver-child relationships and the development of the hormonal system, such as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and the oxytocinergic system have been observed.

• Mother-baby attachment - Major biological factors have emerged that may explain the motivations behind maternal and mammalian parenting behaviors. However, it differs from species to species, therefore some species exhibit only postpartum maternal care, others show only a few and some very motherly. Two major neuroendocrine systems that revolve around Oxytocin and Dopamine, and other neuropeptides, prolactin are directly involved as mediators of maternal care. The mother-infant bond is so complex and powerful because of this biological system, that the response to maternal separation exists. The response to separation is caused by the withdrawal of several different components of the behavioral and biological systems. Separation anxiety, a psychological term that describes the response that occurs when the baby is separated from the mother, causes the loss of these components, as seen in a study conducted with rats.
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus that is passed through the posterior pituitary gland into the bloodstream. Oxytocin acts on the mammary glands and uterine muscles to stimulate the secretion of breast milk and uterine contractions during labor. However, it is an important factor in many aspects of social bonding, particularly the early bonding of mother-baby bonds. It acts in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and the ventral tegental area (VTA) in the brain which is essential for the integration of sensory information in maternal care. Oxytocin plays a key role in physical proximity and maintains care and guidance (as demonstrated in rat research) mothers to go from avoiding behaviors to caring for their child. Knockout rats of oxytocin or injections of oxytocin receptor antagonists will cause neglect of infants or puppies. In mammals, the development of the Oxytocinergic system has led to the mother-infant attachment base.
• Dopaminergic System - Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that affects behavior not only in the mother but in the offspring as well. Dopamine is very important to reinforce the behavior that gives us pleasure because it is part of the limbic system that deals with emotions. Therefore, it is able to stimulate responsive maternal care and strengthen attachment. Understanding the dopaminergic system is important because it can make the difference between maternal neglect and care.
• Prolactin - As seen in lesion studies in prolactin mice, also involved in lactation, is important in encouraging maternal behavior. Decreased levels of prolactin or lack of prolactin receptors lead to inhibition of maternal care in mice.
• Adult-adult pair bonding - Oxytocin and vasopressin play an important part in the process of forming a pair bond. Vasopressin is a peptide hormone whose primary function is to maintain water in the body, and is also known as antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ). The bonding pair was studied using voles and it has been found that the injection of both hormones stimulates the behavioral response required in the formation of the couple's bond, even when the mating has not yet occurred. These results are also evident when the injection of these hormone receptor antagonists inhibits the necessary marriage and behavior.

The ability to study the biological processes behind attachments allows scientists to be able to grasp the basic level to apply psychological constructions. It provides a link between psychological concepts and their physiological foundations.

Behavior

In interpersonal relationships, those who feel safe are open to their emotional expression, the anxious-ambivalent do not express it and process it internally which can lead to immune system disorders, those who avoid directing their emotions to others. Those with similar coping systems have positive relationship status. Those who are open with their emotional expression with fitness are found to have positive health. Culture, personal characteristics and experience influence factors in the interpersonal aspects of interpersonal behavior.

Apps

Researchers are developing an approach to couples therapy that moves the pair from a pattern of recurring conflicts to a more positive and comfortable exchange pattern. Therapeutic goals include the development of social and interpersonal skills. Expressing gratitude and sharing awards for couples is the primary means of creating positive relationships. Positive marriage counseling also emphasizes attention. Further studies on "growing relationships can shape the future of prenuptial and marriage counseling as well."

Controversy

Some researchers have criticized positive psychology for studying positive processes in isolation from negative processes. Positive psychologists argue that positive and negative processes in relationships may be better understood as functionally independent, not as opposed to one another.



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In popular culture

Popular perception

Popular perceptions of intimate relationships are strongly influenced by film and television. The common message is that love is doomed, love at first sight is possible, and that love with the right person always works. Those who consumed the media most closely related to romance tend to believe in the romance of destiny and that those who are destined to be together implicitly understand each other. This belief, however, can lead to less communication and problem solving as well as giving up relationships more easily when conflicts are encountered.

Social media

Social media has changed the face of interpersonal relationships. The romantic interpersonal relationship is no less impactful. For example, FB has become an integral part of the dating process for emerging adults. Social media can have a positive and negative impact on romantic relationships. For example, supportive social networks have been linked to more stable relationships. However, the use of social media can also facilitate conflict, jealousy, and passive aggressive behavior such as spying on spouses. In addition to the immediate effects on the development, maintenance, and perception of romantic relationships, excessive use of social networks is associated with jealousy and dissatisfaction in relationships. Emerging population segments are engaged in pure online dating, sometimes but not necessarily moving toward traditional face-to-face interactions. This online relationship is different from the face-to-face relationship; for example, self-disclosure may be very important in developing online relationships. Conflict management is different, because easier evasion and conflict resolution capabilities may not develop in the same way. In addition, the definition of infidelity is widespread and narrower, as physical infidelity becomes easier to hide but emotional infidelity (such as chatting with more than one online partner) becomes a more serious offense.



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See also

• Display discontinuity
• Interactionism
• Interpersonal appeal
• Interpersonal coupler
• Outline of the relationship
• Relationship status
• Establish a relationship
• Socionic



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References




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Further reading






External links

• Media related to Relationships on Wikimedia Commons
• Definition of interpersonal dictionary in Wiktionary
• Quotes related to Interpersonal relationships in Wikiquote
• Learning materials related to interpersonal relationships at Wikiversity

Source of the article : Wikipedia