3D Printing (c3Dp) or 3D Construction Printing (3DCP) Construction refers to technologies that use 3D printing as a core method for building building components or construction. Alternative terms are also used, such as Large Additive Manufacturing (LSAM), or Freeform construction (FC), as well as to refer to sub-groups, such as '3D Concrete', which are used to refer to concrete extrusion technology.
There are various 3D printing methods used in construction scales, these include the following main methods: extrusion (concrete/cement, wax, foam, polymer), powder bonding (polymer bonding, reactive bonding, sintering) and welding additives. 3D printing on a construction scale will have a wide range of applications in the private, commercial, industrial, and public sectors. Potential benefits of this technology include faster construction, lower labor costs, increased complexity and/or accuracy, greater integration of functions and less waste generated.
A number of different approaches have been demonstrated to date that include building and construction components on site and offsite, using industrial robots, gantry systems and tethered autonomous vehicles. Demonstration of 3D construction printing technology to date includes housing, construction components (cladding and structural panels and columns), bridges and civil infrastructure, artificial reefs, ignorance and sculpture.
Technology has seen a significant increase in popularity in recent years as many new companies are emerging in the market, including some supported by very strong names of the construction industry. This led to several important milestones, such as the first 3D printed building (Winsun), the first 3D print bridge (D-Shape), the first public printed 3D (XtreeE), the first 3D print building to live in Europe and the CIS (Specavia) , the first 3D print building in Europe that is fully approved by the authorities (3DPrinthuset), among many others.
Video Construction 3D printing
History
Seeding technology 1950 - 1995
The installation of robotic bricks was conceptualized and explored in the 1950s and the development of related technologies around automatic construction began in the 1960s, with pumped concrete and isocyanate foams. Development of automated building fabrication using slip forming techniques and assembling robotic components, similar to 3D printing, was pioneered in Japan to overcome the dangers of building tall buildings by Shimizu and Hitachi in the 1980s and 1990s. Many of the early approaches to automation in locations were ran aground due to construction 'bubbles', their inability to respond to new architectures and problems of feeding and preparing materials for sites in built areas.
Initial development 1995 - 2000
Initial development of 3D printing and research has been going on since 1995. Two methods were created, one by Joseph Pegna focused on steam/cement forming techniques that used steam to selectively bind the material to layers or solids, although this technique was never shown.
The second technique, Contour Crafting by Behrohk Khoshnevis, originally started as a method of extrusion and the formation of new ceramics, as an alternative to emerging polymers and metal 3D printing techniques, and patented in 1995. Khoshnevis realizes that this technique can go beyond these techniques in which "The current method is limited to the manufacture of dimensions of parts that are generally less than one meter in each dimension." Around the year 2000, the Khoshnevis team at USC Vertibi began focusing on the printing of 3D cement and cement with a construction scale, which includes and explores the automatic integration of modular reinforcement, pipeline and built-in power services, in a sustainable development process. This technology has only been tested on a laboratory scale to date and is controversial and supposedly forms the basis for recent efforts in China.
First generation 2000 - 2010
In 2003, Rupert Soar secured funding and formed a free-form construction group at Loughborough University, England, to explore the potential enhancement of existing 3D printing techniques for construction applications. The initial work identified the challenge of achieving every realistic break-even for technology on a construction scale and highlighted that there may be a way into the application by massively increasing the value of integrated design propositions (multiple functions, one component). In 2005, the group gained funds to build large scale 3D printing machines using 'off the shelf' components (concrete pumping, spray concrete, gantry systems) to explore how complex the components can be and realistically meet the demands for construction.
In 2005, Enrico Dini, Italy, patented D-Shape technology, using a large-scale powder packing technique in the area of ​​approximately 6m x 6m x 3m. This technique, although originally developed with an epoxy resin bonding system, was then adapted for the use of inorganic bonding agents. This technology has been used commercially for various projects in construction and other sectors including for [artificial reef].
One of the latest developments is the printing of bridges, the first in the world, in collaboration with IaaC and Acciona.
In 2008, 3D Concrete Printing began at Loughborough University, UK, led by Richard Buswell and colleagues to expand previous research groups and view commercial applications moving from gantry-based technology to industrial robots, which they succeed in licensing technology to Skanska in 2014.
Second generation 2010 - now
On January 18, 2015 the company gained further press coverage with the opening of 2 further buildings, a home-style villa and a 5-story tower, using 3D mold components. Detailed photo inspections show that buildings are made with precast components and 3D prints. The buildings stand as the first complete structure of their kind made using 3D printing construction technology. In May 2016 a new 'office building' was opened in Dubai. The 250 square meters (2,700 square feet) space is what the Dubai Future Museum project calls the world's first 3D print office building. In 2017 an ambitious project to build a 3D printed skyscraper in the United Arab Emirates was announced. Construction of Cazza will help build the structure. There are currently no specific details, such as the height of the building or the exact location.
FreeFAB Wax (TM), created by James B Gardiner and Steven Janssen at Laing O'Rourke (construction company). The patented technology has been developed since March 2013. This technique uses 3D construction scale printing for large engineering candle printing (up to 400L/hour) to make 'quick and dirty' 3D molds for precast concrete, reinforced concrete glass (GRC ) and other sprayable/cast-able materials. The surface of the casting mold then 5 milled axes removes about 5mm of wax to make high-quality prints (around surface roughness 20 microns). Once the component has healed, the mold is then crushed or melted and the wax is filtered and reused, significantly reducing waste compared to conventional molding technology. The benefits of this technology are fast print fabrication speed, increased production efficiency, reduced labor and elimination of virtual waste by reusing materials for bespoke molds compared to conventional molding technologies.
This system was originally shown in 2014 using industrial robots. The system is then adapted to integrate with a 5-axis high-speed gantry to achieve the high speed grinding tolerance and surface required for the system. The first industrial system installed at Laing O'Rourke plant in the UK and will start industrial production for a leading London project by the end of 2016.
MX3D Metal founded by Loris Jaarman and the team has developed two 6-axis 3D printing systems, the first using extruded thermoplastics, especially this system allows the manufacture of free-form non-planar beads. The second is a system that relies on welding additives (basically spot welding at previous point welding) additive welding technology has been developed by various groups in the past, but the MX3D metal system is the most successful to date. MX3D is currently working towards the fabrication and installation of metal bridges in Amsterdam.
BetAbram is a simple gantry-based gantry extrusion 3D printer developed in Slovenia. The system is commercially available, offering 3 models (P3, P2 and P1) to consumers since 2013. The largest P1 can print objects up to 16m x 9m x 2.5m. The Total custom concrete 3D printer developed by Rudenko is a concrete deposition technology mounted in gantry configuration, the system has an output similar to Winsun and other concrete 3D printing technologies, but uses a lightweight frame type girdry. This technology has been used to create a backyard scale version of a castle and hotel room in the Philippines
The production of the world's first construction printer series was launched by SPECAVIA, based in Yaroslavl (Russia). In May 2015, the company introduced the first model of 3d printer construction and announced the commencement of sales. In early 2018 the company group "AMT-SPE? AVIA" produces 7 models of portal construction printers: from small format (to print small architectural forms) to large-scale printers (for building up to 3 floors). Today, the construction of 3D printers of Russian production under the trademark "AMT" operates in several countries, including, in August 2017 the first construction printer shipped to Europe - to 3DPrinthuset (Denmark). This printer is used Copenhagen for the construction of the first 3D printing building in the European Union (office-hotel 50 m2).
XtreeE is another technology based on fresh concrete extrusion, mounted on top of a robotic arm. The project has started in July 2015, and offers collaboration and investment of strong names in the construction industry, such as Vinci and La Farge-Holcim.
3DPrinthuset, the successful Danish 3DPrinting startup, has also entered the construction branch with its own gantry-based printer in October 2017. With strong collaboration of names in the Scandinavian region, such as NCC and Force Technology, the company's spin-off has quickly gained traction with build the first 3DPrinted home in Europe. The Building on Demand (BOD) project, as the structure is called, is a small office hotel in Copenhagen, Nordhavn area, with walls and parts of the foundation fully printed, while the rest of the construction is made in traditional construction. In November 2017, the building is in the final phase of applying equipment and roofing, while all 3DPrinted parts have been completely completed.
Maps Construction 3D printing
Design
Architect James Bruce Gardiner pioneered the architectural design for 3D Printing Construction with two projects. First Freefab Tower 2004 and Villa Roccia both 2009-2010. FreeFAB Tower is based on the original concept to incorporate a hybrid form of 3D printing construction with modular construction. This is the first architectural design for a building that focuses on the use of 3D Construction Printing. Influence can be seen in the various designs used by Winsun, including articles about the original Winsun press release and the future office of the FreeFAB Tower Project also illustrates the first speculative use of the multi-axis robotic arm in 3D construction printing, the use of such machines in development has grown with steady in recent years with projects by MX3D and Technology Branch
Villa Roccia 2009-2010 takes this pioneering work a step further with the design for Vila in Porto Rotondo, Sardinia, Italy in collaboration with D-Shape. The design for Villa is focused on developing a particular site architecture language that is affected by rock formations on the site and along the coast of Sardinia, while also taking into account the use of prefabricated 3D panel printing processes. The project is through prototyping and does not proceed to full construction.
Francios Roche (R & Sie) developed the 'I heard about' project in 2005 that explores the use of highly speculative self-speculating snakes like autonomous 3D printing and generative design systems to create high-rise residential towers. Although the project is unlikely to be practiced with current or contemporary technology shows an in-depth exploration of the future of design and construction. The exhibition features large scale foam mills and rendering to create the imaginable free-form envelopes.
The Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars's architectural 3D printed architecture is planned to be built by a Dutch company partnership. The house is planned to be built by the end of 2014, but this deadline is not met. The companies have said that they are still committed to the project.
The Building On Demand, or BOD, a small 3D office hotel printed by 3D Printhuset and designed by architect Ana Goidea, has incorporated curved walls and rippling effects on its surface, to showcase design freedom that allows 3D printing in horizontal plane.
Structure
3D print building
The 3D Channel Canal is the first full-scale construction project of its kind to get down to the ground. In just a short time, Kamermaker has been developed further to increase its production speed by up to 300%. However, its development has not been fast enough to claim the title of 'First 3D Print House in the World'.
The first residential building in Europe and the CIS, built using 3D printing construction technology, is a house in Yaroslavl (Russia) with an area of ​​298.5 m. The building wall is printed by SPECAVIA company in December 2015. 600 wall elements are printed in stores and assembled at construction sites. After completing the roof structure and interior decoration, the company presented the complete 3D building completed in October 2017. The uniqueness of this project is that for the first time in the world the entire cycle of construction technology has been traversed: design, obtaining building permits, building registration, connection of all engineering systems. An important feature of 3D homes in Yaroslavl, which also distinguishes this project from others being implemented - this is not a presentation structure, but rather a complete residential building. Today is the home of an ordinary family.
The Dutch and Chinese demonstration projects are slowly building 3D print buildings in China, Dubai and the Netherlands. Using efforts to educate the public about the possibility of new plant-based building technologies and spur greater innovation in 3D residential building printing. A small concrete house printed 3D by 2017.
The Building on Demand (BOD), the first 3D print house in Europe, is a project led by 3DPrinthuset for a small 3D print office hotel in Copenhagen, Nordhavn region. In November 2017, the building is in the final phase of applying equipment and roofing, while all 3DPrinted parts have been completely completed. The building is also the first permanent 3D print building, with all permits in place and fully approved by the authorities.
3D printed bridge
In Spain, the first crossing bridge set in 3D in the world (3DBRIDGE) was unveiled on December 14, 2016 in Castilla-La Mancha city park in Alcobendas, Madrid. The 3DBUILD technology used was developed by ACCIONA, which is responsible for structural design, material development and manufacturing of 3D print elements. This bridge has a total length of 12 meters and width of 1.75 meters and is printed in micro reinforced concrete. Architectural design is undertaken by the Institute of Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC).
3D printers used to build bridges are made by D-Shape. The 3D print bridge reflects the complexity of natural shapes and is developed through parametric design and computational design, which allows to optimize the distribution of materials and allows to maximize structural performance, capable of disposing of material only when necessary, with total freedom of form. The Alcobendas 3D print bridge represents a milestone for the international construction sector, as large-scale 3D printing technology has been implemented in this project for the first time in civil engineering in the public sphere.
Space print structure
Building printing has been proposed as a very useful technology for building habitats outside the Earth, such as habitats on the Moon or Mars. In 2013, the European Space Agency is working with London-based Foster Partners to examine the printing potential of the lunar base using traditional 3D printing technology. The architectural firm proposed a 3D-printer building development technology in January 2013 that would use lunar regolith raw materials to produce a lunar building structure while using closed blow habitats to accommodate human hosts inside a hardshell printed lunar structure. Overall, this habitat requires only ten percent of the mass of structures to be transported from the Earth, while using local moon materials for the other 90 percent of the mass of the structure.
The dome-shaped structure will be a form of heavy loading catenary, with structural support provided by a closed cell structure, reminiscent of a bird's bone. In this conception,
The "printed" lunar soil will provide "radiation and temperature insulation" for the inhabitants of the Moon. The building technology mixes the moon material with magnesium oxide that will turn the "moonstuff into a sprayable slurry to form a block" when a binding salt is applied that "turns it into a solid stone material." A type of sulfur concrete is also conceivable.
The 3D printing test of architectural structures with simulated lunar materials has been completed, using a large vacuum in terrestrial laboratories. This technique involves injecting a binder beneath the surface of the regolith with a 3D printer nozzle, which in testing trapped a 2 millimeter (0.079 in) deep droplet beneath the surface through capillary forces. The printer used is D-Shape.
Various elements of lunar infrastructure have been devised for 3D structure printing, including landing pads, blast protection walls, roads, hangars and fuel storage. In early 2014, NASA funded a small study at the University of Southern California for further development
3D printing techniques Contour Crafting . Potential applications of this technology include building a moon structure of materials that can consist of lunar materials up to 90 percent with only ten percent of the material requiring transportation from Earth.
NASA also looked at different techniques that would involve sintering the moon's dust using low-power microwave energy (1500 watts). The moon material will be bonded by heating up to 1,200 to 1,500 ° C (2,190-2,730 ° F), somewhat below the melting point, to bring the dust of nanoparticles into ceramic-like solid blocks, and will not require the transport of binders from the Earth as required by Supporting Partners, Contour Creation, and D-shape approaches for space building printing. One specially proposed plan for building a lunar base using this technique will be called SinterHab, and will utilize a six-legged JPL robot to construct autonomous or telerobotically lunar structures.
Construction speed
Claims have been made by Behrokh Khoshnevis since 2006 for home 3D printing in a day, with further claims to inadvertently finish building in about 20 hours of "printer" time. In January 2013, working versions of 3D printed building technology print 2 meters (6 ft 7 inches) of building materials per hour, with the next generation of proposed printers to be capable of 3.5 meters (11 feet) per hour, enough to finish building in a week.
The Chinese company WinSun has built several homes using large 3D printers using a mixture of fast dry cement and recycled raw materials. Ten demonstration houses said by Winsun have been built within 24 hours, each costing US $ 5000 (structure not included, foundation, service, door/window and fitout). However, the pioneer of 3D construction printing. Behrokh Khoshnevis claimed this was forged and that WinSun stole his intellectual property.
Research and general knowledge
There are several research projects related to 3D Construction printing, such as 3D concrete molding projects (3DCP) at Eindhoven University of Technology, or projects at the Catalonia Advanced Architecture Institute (Pylos, Mataerial, and Minibuilders). The list of research projects has become widespread in recent years, thanks to the growing interest in this field.
Advanced research
Most projects have focused on researching the physical aspects behind the technology, such as printing technology, material technology, and various problems
associated with them. 3DPrinthuset has recently led a more research-oriented exploration of current state of technology around the world, visiting over 35 different printing projects related to 3D Construction. For each project, research reports have been published, and the data collected has been used to bring all the various technologies into the first attempt at the categorization and terminology of common standards.
First Construction 3D printing conference
Along with the research, 3DPrinthuset has hosted two international conferences on 3D Construction printing (February and November 2017), which aims to bring together the strongest names in this growing industry to discuss potentials and challenges ahead. This conference is the first of its kind, and has put together names like D-Shape, Contour Crafting, Cybe Construction, 3DCP Eindhoven research, Winsun, and more. Together with the 3D Construction printing specialists, there is also a strong presence of key players in the traditional construction industry for the first time, with names like Sika AG, Vinci, BAM Royal Group, NCC, and others. The general idea emerged that the Construction 3D printing field needs a more integrated platform where ideas, applications, problems, and challenges can be shared and discussed.
Media interests
Although the first step has been made almost three decades ago, 3D Construction printing has been struggling to reach for years. The first technology that gained media attention was Contour Crafting and D-Shape, with some sporadic articles in 2008-2012 and TV report 2012. D-Shape has also been featured in an independent documentary dedicated to the creator of Enrico Dini, called "The man who scored home".
An important breakthrough has been seen with the announcement of the first 3D print building, using a prefabricated 3D molding component made by Winsun, which is claimed to be able to print 10 homes a day with its technology. Although the claim remains to be confirmed, the story has created widespread appeal and increased interest in the field. Within months, many new companies began to emerge. This led to many new efforts reaching the media, such as, by 2017, the first 3d pedestrian bridges and the first 3d cyclist bridges, plus the initial structural elements made with 3d printing in 2016, among many others.
Recently, 3DPrinthuset has gained widespread media attention with their first permanent 3D print building, the first of its kind in Europe. The project sets an important precedent for being the first 3D print building with building permits and on-site documentation, and full approval from the municipal government, an important milestone for wider acceptance in the field of construction. The story gained extensive coverage, both in national and international media, appearing on TV in Denmark, Russia, Poland, Lithuania, among many others.
See also
- Building construction
- Habitat space
- Made in Space
References
External links
- Contour Crafting Project from USC, 2004
- The Future of Construction Process: 3D Concrete Printing, 2010.
- Lunar Base Using 3D Printing, video, 2013.
- 3D printing from a lunar base using moon land will print the building at 3.5 meters per hour, NextBigFuture, 2013
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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