4K Resolution , also called 4K , refers to the resolution of the horizontal screen display in order of 4,000 pixels. There are several different 4K resolutions in the field of digital television and digital cinematography. On television and consumer media, 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 (4K UHD) is the predominant 4K standard. In the film projection industry, 4096 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 (DCI 4K) is the predominant 4K standard.
4K TV market share is increasing as prices drop dramatically during 2014 and 2015. By 2020, more than half of US households are expected to have 4K-enabled TVs, which will be a much faster adoption rate than Full HD (1080p).
Video 4K resolution
Definisi dan standar format
The term "4K" is generic, and refers to any resolution with a horizontal pixel count of about 4000 pixels. Several different 4K resolutions have been standardized by various organizations.
DCI Digital Cinema System Specification
In 2005, Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI), the leading standards organization in the cinema industry, published Digital Cinema System Specification . This specification specifies the standard 2K and 4K container formats for the production of digital cinema, with the resolution of 2048 ÃÆ'â € " 1080 and 4096 ÃÆ'â €" 2160 respectively. The video content resolution in accordance with SMPTE 428-1 standard, which sets the following resolutions for 4K distribution:
- 4096 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 (full frame, 256: 135 or? 1,90: 1 aspect ratio)
- 3996 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 (flat plant, aspect ratio 1.85: 1)
- 4096 ÃÆ'â € " 1716 (Trim CinemaScope,? 2.35: 1 aspect ratio)
The 2K distribution can have a frame rate of either 24 or 48 FPS, while the 4K distribution must have a frame rate of 24 fps . Some articles claim that the terms "2K" and "4K" are created by DCI and refer exclusively to the 2K and 4K formats specified in the DCI standard. However, the use of these terms in the cinema industry precedes the publication of DCI standards, and they are generally understood as casual terms referring to any resolution of about 2000 or 4000 pixels in width rather than name for specially determined resolution. SMPTE UHDTV Standard
In 2007, the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers published SMPTE ST 2036-1 , which defines the parameters for two UHDTV systems called UHDTV1 and UHDTV2 . This standard defines the following characteristics for this system:
- Resolution 3840 ÃÆ' - 2160 (UHDTV1) or 7680 ÃÆ'â € " 4320 (UHDTV2)
- Square pixels (1: 1), for 16: 9 image aspect ratio
- Framerate of 23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 50, 59,94, 60, 100, 119,88, or 120 Hz with progressive scanning
- RGB, Y? C B C R 4: 4: 4, 4: 2: 2, or 4: 2: 0 pixel encoding
- 10 Ã, bpc (30 Ã, bit/px) or 12 bpc (36 bit/px) color depth
- Color characteristics as defined in the standard, including primary colors, quantization parameters, and electro-optical transfer functions. These are the same characteristics which are then standardized in ITU-R BT.2020. The UHDTV1 system is allowed to use color selection BT.709 to 60 Hz.
ITU-R UHDTV Standard
In 2012, the International Telecommunication Union, Radio Communications Sector publishes ITU-R BT.2020 Recommendations , also known as the Ultra High Definition Television (UHDTV) standard. This standard adopts the same image parameters defined in SMPTE ST 2036-1.
Although the UHDTV standard does not define any official name for a given format, it typically uses the terms "4K", "4K UHD", or "4K UHDTV" to refer to the 3840 ÃÆ' - 2160 system in public announcement and press releases ("8K" for system 7680 ÃÆ'â € " 4320). In some other ITU standard documents, the terms "UHDTV1" and "UHDTV2" are used as abbreviations.
CEA Ultra HD
In October 2012, the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) announced their definition of the term Ultra High-Definition (or Ultra HD ) for use with consumer marketing display devices. CEA defines the Ultra HD product as a TV, monitor, or projector with the following characteristics:
- Resolution 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 or greater
- Aspect ratio 1. 77 : 1 (16: 9) or larger
- Support for color depth 8 bpc (24 bit/px) or higher
- At least one HDMI input capable of supporting 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 on 24, 30, and 60 Hz progressive scanning (though not necessarily with RGB/Y? C B C R 4: 4: 4 colors), and HDCP 2.2
- Able to process images according to the color space defined in ITU-R BT.709
- Be able to upgrade HD content (ie 720p/1080p)
The CEA definition allows other terms, such as "4K", to be marketed alongside the Ultra HD logo.
Since the resolution in the CEA definition is only a minimum requirement, displaying with a higher resolution like 4096 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 or 5120 ÃÆ'â €" 2880 also qualifies as an "Ultra HD" view , provided they meet other requirements as well.
Maps 4K resolution
Adoption
YouTube and the television industry have adopted 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 as their 4K standard. In 2014, 4K content from major broadcasters is limited. On April 11, 2013, Bulb TV created by Canadian serial businessman Evan Kosiner became the first broadcaster to provide 4K linear channels and VOD content for cable and satellite companies in North America. This channel is licensed by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission to provide educational content. However, 4K content becomes more available online including on YouTube, Netflix, and Amazon. In 2013, some UHDTV models are available to the general consumer in the range of US $ 600. By 2015, prices on smaller computers and televisions have dropped below US $ 400.
DVB
In 2014, the Digital Video Broadcasting Project released a new set of standards intended to guide the implementation of high resolution content on broadcast television. Dubbed DVB-UHDTV , it defines two standards, known as UHD-1 (for 4K content) and UHD-2 (for 8K content). This standard uses the resolution of 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 and 7680 ÃÆ'â €" 4320, with framerates up to 60 Ã, Hz, color depth up to 10 bpc (30 x/span> bit/px), and HEVC encoding for transmission. DVB is currently focused on implementing the UHD-1 standard.
DVB completes UHD-1 Phase 2 in 2016, with service introductions by broadcasters expected by 2017. UHD-1 Phase 2 adds features such as high dynamic range (using HLG and PQ on 10 or 12 bit) , wide color gamut (BT 2020/2100 colorimetry), and high frame rate (up to 120 Ã, Hz).
Streaming video
YouTube, since 2010, and Vimeo allows maximum upload resolution of 4096 ÃÆ'â € "3072 pixels (12.6 megapixels, 4: 3 aspect ratio). Vimeo's 4K content is currently limited to most nature documentaries and technology coverage.
High Efficiency Video Encoding (H.265) should enable streaming content with 4K resolution with bandwidths between 20 and 30 Mbit/s.
In January 2014, Naughty America launched its first adult video streaming service in 4K.
History
The first commercially available 4K camera for cinematographic purposes is Dalsa Origin, released in 2003. 4K technology was developed by several research groups at universities around the world, such as the University of California, San Diego, CALIT2, Keio University and others realized several demonstrations at places like IGrid in 2004 and CineGrid. YouTube began supporting 4K for video uploads in 2010 as a result of leading manufacturers producing 4K cameras. Users can view 4K videos by selecting "Original" from quality settings until December 2013, when the 2160p option appears in the quality menu. In November 2013, YouTube started using the VP9 video compression standard, â € <â € The projection of the film at 4K resolution in theaters started in 2011. Sony offers 4K projectors in early 2004. The first 4K home theater projector was released by Sony in 2012. Sony is one of the leading studios promoting UHDTV content, in 2013 offering more than 70 movie and television titles through digital downloads to specialized players who store and translate the videos. Large files (~ 40GB), distributed over a consumer broadband connection, raising concerns about data limits. In 2014, Netflix begins streaming House of Cards Breaking Bad, and "some nature documentaries" in 4K to HEVC-compatible televisions. Most 4K televisions sold in 2013 do not support HEVC, with most manufacturers announcing support in 2014. Amazon Studios began recording full-length new and new 4K resolution 4K series in 2014. Currently they are available on Amazon Video. In March 2016, the first player and disc for Ultra HD Blu-ray - a physical optical disc format that supports 4K and HDR resolutions at 60 frames per second - was released. In 2016, Sony and Microsoft released the PlayStation 4 Pro and Xbox One S, respectively, both of which are video game consoles that support streaming and 4K games, although in most cases, the resolution is upgraded to 4K; The Xbox One S also comes with an Ultra HD Blu-ray disc drive. On November 7, 2017 Microsoft released the Xbox One X, which is capable of streaming and original 4K games. Home video projection
Despite the rapid decline in prices starting in 2013 to see devices, the digital cinema home video projector market is seeing little expansion, with only a few manufacturers (Sony only in 2015) offering a limited 4K range, with an original 4K projector with five digit price tags until 2015 before finally breaking through the $ 10,000 barrier. Critics claim that at the size of the normal direct view panel and visibility, the extra 4K pixels are superfluous in normal human vision. Projection home cinema, on the other hand, uses a much larger screen size without having to increase the visibility of the scale. JVC has used a technique known as "e-shift" to extrapolate extra pixels from a 1080p source to display 4K on the screen through upscaling or from native 4K sources at a much lower price than the original 4K projector. This non-native 4K technology enters its fourth generation for 2016. JVC uses this same technology to provide 8K flight simulations for Boeing that meet the 20/25 visual acuity limit.
The pixel shift as described here was pioneered in the consumer space by JVC, and later in commercial space by Epson. That said, it's not the same as "true" 4K. Recently there are DLP projectors that claim 4K UHD (the JVCs and Epsons not even try to claim).
As noted above, DCI 4K is 4096 ÃÆ'â € " 2160, while 4K UHD is 3840 ÃÆ'â €" 2160, yielded little difference in aspect ratio rather than significant differences in resolution. In traditional view, like LCD or OLED, there are 3840 pixels on the screen, with each pixel being 1/3840th of the width of the screen. They do not overlap; if they do, the details will decrease. Each diameter is essentially 1/3840 of the screen width or 1/2160 of the screen height - both giving the same pixel size. That 3840 spans 2160 works up to 8.3 megapixels, official 4K UHD resolution (and hence UHD Blu-ray discs).
But the 4K UHD standard does not specify how big the pixels are, so the 4K UHD projector (Optoma, BenQ, Dell, et al.) Counts because this projector has a 2718 1528 pixel structure. The projector processes the actual 4K data and projects it with overlapping pixels, which is a pixel shift. Unfortunately, each of these pixels is much larger: each has 50% more area than the actual 4K. The pixel transfer projector projects the pixels, shifts them to the right, with half the diameter, and projects them again, with the changed data, but the second pixel overlaps with the first.
In other words, the pixel shift is unable to produce vertical lines adjacent to RGBRGB or any other color in which each row is one pixel (1/3840 screen) wide. The adjacent red and green pixels will end like yellow, with the edges on one side red, on the other green - except that the next line of pixels will overlap as well, altering the color of the edges. Simply put, there is no way of shifting the 4K UHD or 1080p pixels that can reveal the fine detail of an actual 4K projector like a Sony ship (business, education, and home market). Also, JVC has one correct 4K projector for $ 35,000 (in mid-2017).
So while 4K UHD sounds like it will have a pixel structure with 1/4 area 1080p, it will not happen with pixel shift.
Only the correct 4K projector will offer that level of resolution. That will help explain why the actual "4K" projector is much more expensive than the 4K UHD projector with similar feature set. They produce smaller pixels, smoother resolution, no detail or color compromise from overlapping pixels.
For comparison, a slight difference in aspect ratio between DCI and 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 pixels displayed without overlap is insignificant compared to the amount of detail that can be seen.
Broadcasting
In November 2014, United States satellite provider DirecTV became the first pay-TV provider to offer access to 4K content, although limited to video films on demand. In August 2015, the British sports network BT Sport launched a 4K feed, with its first broadcast being the FA Community Shield 2015 football game. Two production units are in use, producing traditional high definition broadcasts, and separate 4K broadcasts. Because the network does not want to combine 4K recording with converted HD recordings, it does not feature traditional studio segments on pre-match or part-time but hosted from the stadium by game commentators using 4K cameras. BT imagines that if viewers want to watch studio analysis, they will switch to HD broadcasts and then go back for the game. The recording is compressed using the H.264 encoder and transmitted to BT Tower, where it is then transmitted back to the BT Sport studio and decompressed for distribution, via a compatible 4K TV set-top box on BT Infinity's eligible internet plan with at least one 25 connections Mbit/sec.
At the end of 2015 and January 2016, three Canadian television providers - including Quebec-based Videotron, Ontario-based Rogers Cable and Bell Fiber TV, announced that they will begin offering compatible 4K set-top boxes that can stream 4K content to subscribers at over gigabit internet service. On October 5, 2015, along with 4K gigabit set-top box and internet announcements, the Canadian media conglomerate Rogers Communications announced that it plans to produce 101 sports broadcasts at 4K in 2016 through the Sportsnet division, including all Toronto Blue Jays home games, and " marquee "National Hockey League game begins in January 2016. Bell Media announced through TSN division, a slate of 4K aired from January 20, 2016, including selected Toronto Raptors games and regional NHL games.
On January 14, 2016, in collaboration with BT Sport, Sportsnet broadcast the first NBA game produced in 4K - the Toronto Raptors/Orlando Magic game at the O2 Arena in London, England. On January 20th, also during the Raptors match, TSN presented the first live 4K broadcast produced in North America. Three days later, Sportsnet presented the first NHL game in 4K.
Dome Productions, a joint venture of Bell Media and Rogers Media (TSN and Sportsnet owners respectively), built a 4K "side-by-side" mobile production unit shared by Sportsnet and the first TSN 4K; it is designed to operate alongside a separate HD truck and utilize a camera capable of generating output in both formats. For the 2016 Toronto Blue Jays opening game of the season, Dome built "Trillium" - a production truck that integrates 4K and 1080i high definition units. Bell Media's CTV also broadcast the Juno Award 2016 in 4K as the first award show presented in the format.
In February 2016, Univision piloted 4K by producing a closed circuit broadcast of friendly football between Mexico's national team and Senegal from Miami in the format. Broadcasts are streamed privately to some special viewing locations. Univision aims to develop a 4K streaming application to broadcast the final Copa AmÃÆ'Â © rica Centenario in 4K. In March 2016, DirecTV and CBS Sports announced that they will produce additional "Amen Corner" coverage of the Masters golf tournament in 4K.
Resolution
3840 ÃÆ' - 2160
3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 is the dominant 4K resolution used in the media industry and consumer display. This is the resolution of the UHDTV1 format defined in SMPTE ST 2036-1, as well as the 4K UHDTV format defined by ITU-R in Rec. 2020, and it is also the minimum resolution for the CEA definition of the screen and the Ultra HD projector . 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 is also selected by the DVB Project for their 4K broadcast standard, UHD-1 .
This resolution has a 16: 9 aspect ratio, with 8,294,400 total pixels. This is exactly twice the 1080p horizontal and vertical resolution (1920 ÃÆ'â € "1080) for a total of 4 times more pixels, and triples the 720p horizontal and vertical resolution (1280 ÃÆ'â € 720) for a total of 9 times more pixels. Sometimes referred to as "2160p", based on naming patterns set by previous 720p and 1080p HDTV standards.
Televisions capable of displaying UHD resolutions are seen by consumer electronics companies as the next trigger for an increasing cycle after a lack of consumer interest in 3D television.
4096 ÃÆ' - 2160
This resolution is used primarily in the production of digital cinema, and has a total of 8,847,360 pixels with an aspect ratio of 256: 135 (? 19: 10). It is standardized as a 4K container format resolution defined by Digital Cinema Initiatives in the Digital Cinema System Specification, and is the native resolution of all DCI-compliant 4K projectors and digital monitors. The DCI specification allows several different resolutions for content inside the container, depending on the desired aspect ratio. Allowable resolution is defined in SMPTE 428-1 :
- 4096 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 (full frame, 256: 135 or? 1,90: 1 aspect ratio)
- 3996 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 (flat plant, aspect ratio 1.85: 1)
- 4096 ÃÆ'â € " 1716 (CinemaScope Grass,? 2.39: 1 aspect ratio)
The DCI 4K standard has twice the horizontal and vertical DCI 2K (2048 ÃÆ'â € "1080), with four times as many pixels as a whole.
4K digital movies can be produced, scanned, or stored in a number of other resolutions depending on the aspect ratio of the storage used. In digital cinema production chains, resolution 4096 ÃÆ'â € "3112 is often used to obtain" open gates "or anamorphic input materials, a resolution based on the historical resolution of the scanned, 35mm film Super.
Other 4K resolutions
Various other non-standard 4K resolutions have been seen used in displays, including:
- 4096 ÃÆ' - 2560 (1.60: 1 or 16:10); This resolution is used in the Canon DP-V3010, a 30-inch 4K reference monitor designed to review movie footage in post-production, released in 2013.
- 4096 ÃÆ'â € " 2304 (1. 77 : 1 or 16: 9); this resolution is used on the 21.5-inch LG UltraFine 22MD4KA monitor, announced jointly by LG and Apple in 2016.
- 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2400 (1.60: 1 or 16:10); This resolution is used on IBM T220 and T221 22.2 inch monitors, released respectively in 2001 and 2002. This resolution is also referred to as "WQUXGA", and four times the resolution of WUXGA (1920 ÃÆ'â € " 1200)
- 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 1600 (2.40: 1 or 24:10); a number of computer monitors with this resolution have been manufactured to date, the first being 37.5-inch LG 38UC99-W released in 2016. This resolution is equivalent to WQXGA (2560 ÃÆ'â € <1600) extended the width up to 50%, or 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2160 minus its height by? 26%. LG refers to this resolution as "WQHD" (Wide Quad HD), while Acer uses the term "UW-QHD" (Ultra-wide Quad HD) and some media start using the term "UW4K" (Ultra-wide 4K).
- 3840 ÃÆ'â € " 1080 (3.55: 1 or 32: 9); This resolution was first used on the Samsung C49HG70, a 49-inch curved gaming monitor released in 2017. This resolution is equivalent to a 1080p double screen (1920 span> 1080) side by side, but with no annoying border picture. This is also exactly one half screen 4K UHD (3840 ÃÆ'â € " 2160). Samsung refers to this resolution as "DFHD" (Dual Full HD).
Recording
The main advantage of video recording on the 4K standard is that good spatial detail can be solved well. If the final video quality is reduced to 2K from a 4K recording, the details are clearer than those achieved from the 2K recording. Improved smoothness and contrast are then made possible by output to DVD and Blu-ray. Some cinematographers choose to record on 4K when using the Super 35 movie format to compensate for any loss of resolution that may occur during video processing.
With Axiom devices there are several open source hardware available that use the 4K image sensor.
See also
- 2K resolution
- 8K Resolution
- Aspect ratio (image)
- Digital cinema
- Screen resolution
- Rec. 2020: ITU definition for various aspects of UHDTV
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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