The adhan (Arabic: ??????? [?a'ða:n]) (also called in Turkish: Ezan) is the Islamic call to worship, recited by the muezzin at prescribed times of the day. The root of the word is ?adhina ?????? meaning "to listen, to hear, be informed about". Another derivative of this word is ?udhun (?????), meaning "ear".
Adhan is called out by a muezzin from the mosque five times a day, traditionally from the minaret, summoning Muslims for mandatory (fard) worship (salat). A second call, known as iqama, (set up) then summons Muslims to line up for the beginning of the prayers. The main purpose behind the multiple loud pronouncements of adhan in every mosque is to make available to everyone an easily intelligible summary of Islamic belief. In modern times, loudspeakers have been installed on minarets for this purpose.
The adhan recites the Takbir (God is great) followed by the Shahada (There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God). This statement of faith, called the Kalimah, is the first of the Five Pillars of Islam.
Video Adhan
Muezzin
The muezzin (Arabic: ???????? mu'a??in)-is the person who recites the adhan from the mosque. Typically in modern times, this is done using a microphone: a recitation that is consequently broadcast to the speakers usually mounted on the higher part of the mosque's minarets, thus calling those nearby to prayer. The message can also be recorded, as is the case for London Central Mosque.
The muezzin is chosen for his talent and ability in reciting the adhan beautifully, melodiously and loudly for all Muslims to hear. This is one of the important duties in the mosque, as his companions and community rely on him in his call for Muslims to come to pray in congregation. The Imam leads the prayer five times a day. The first muezzin in Islam was Bilal Ibn Rabah, a freed slave from Abyssinia in Africa.
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Sunni view
Sunnis state that the adhan was not written or said by the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, but by one of his Sahabah (his companions). Umar, a prominent sahabi of Muhammad, had a vision in his dream, in which the call for prayers was revealed to him by God. He later related this to his companions. Meanwhile, this news reached Muhammad, and he liked it and confirmed it. Because of his stunning voice Muhammad chose a freed Habeshan slave by the name of Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi to make the call for prayers. Muhammad preferred the call better than the use of bells (as used by the Christians) and horns (as by the Jews).
During the Friday prayer (Salat Al Jumu'ah), there is one adhan but some Sunni Muslims increase it to two adhans; the first is to call the people to the mosque, the second is said before the Imam begins the khutbah (sermon). Just before the prayers start, someone amongst the praying people recites the iqama as in all prayers. The basis for this is that at the time of the Caliph Uthman he ordered two adhans to be made, the first of which was to be made in the marketplace to inform the people that the Friday prayer was soon to begin, and the second adhan would be the regular one held in the mosque. Not all Sunnis prefer two adhans as the need for warning the people of the impending time for prayer is no longer essential now that the times for prayers are well known.
Shi'a view
Shi'a sources state Muhammad, according to God's command, ordered the adhan as a means of calling Muslims to prayer. Shi'a Islam teaches that no one else contributed, or had any authority to contribute, towards the composition of the adhan.
Other Shi'a sources state that Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi was, in fact, the first person to recite the adhan publicly out loud in front of the Muslim congregation.
The fundamental phrase l? ?il?ha ?ill? ll?h is the foundation stone of Islam along with the belief in it. It declares that "there is no god but the God". This is the confession of Tawhid or the "doctrine of Oneness [of God]".
The phrase Mu?ammadun ras?lu ll?h fulfills the requirement that there should be someone to guide in the name of God, which states Muhammad is God's Messenger,ras?l, nabi (prophet). This is the acceptance of prophethood or Nabuwat of Muhammad.
Muhammad declared Ali (Ali bin Abu Talib) as his successor, at Ghadir Khumm, which was required for the continuation of his guidance. According to the hadith of the pond of Khumm, Muhammad stated that "Of whomsoever I am the mawla, Ali is his mawla". Hence, it is recommended to recite the phrase ?al?yun wal? ll?h means "Ali is His (God's) Wali "the headman."
In one of the Qiblah of Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah (1035-1094) of Fatemi era masjid of Qahira (Mosque of Ibn Tulun) engraved his name and kalimat ash-shah?dah as l? ?il?ha ?ill? ll?h, mu?ammadun ras?lu ll?h, ?al?yun wal? ll?h.
Adhan reminds Muslims of these three Islamic teaching Tawhid, Nabuwat and Imamate before each prayer. These three emphasise devotion to God, Muhammad and Imam, which are considered to be so linked together that they can not be viewed separately; one leads to other and finally to God.
The phrase is optional to some Shia as justified above. They feel that Ali's Valayat is self-evident, a testification and need not be declared. However, the greatness of God is also taken to be self-evident, but Muslims still declare All?hu ?akbar to publicize their faith. This is the reason that the most Shia give for the recitation of the phrase regarding Ali.
Dua (invocation)
What to recite during Adhan (call to prayer)
While listening to the adhan, Muslims repeat the same words silently, except when the muezzin says:" ?? ??? ?????? or ?? ??? ?????? " (?ayya ?al? ?-?al?h or ?ayya ?ala l-fal??) they silently say:" ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? " (l? ?awla wa l? quwata ?ill? bi-ll?h) (there is no strength or power except from God).
What to recite after Adhan
Immediately following the Adhan, Muslims recite the following dua (supplications):
1. ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ".
Wa ?anaa ?a?hadu ?an l? ?il?ha ?ill? ll?hu wa?dahu l? ?ar?ka lahu wa-?anna mu?ammadan ?abduhu wa-ras?luhu, ra??tu bi-ll?hi rabban wa-bi-mu?ammadin ras?lan wa-bi-l?isl?mi d?nan.
English: I bear witness that there is no god but God alone with no partner and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger, and the Lord God's chosen messenger is Muhammad and Islam is his religion.
2. An invocation of blessings on Muhammad:
????? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????
All?humma ?alli ?al? mu?ammadin wa ?al? ?aali mu?ammadin, kam? ?allayta ?al? ?ibr?h?ma wa ?al? ?aali ?ibr?h?ma innaka ?am?dun ma??d. All?humma b?rik ?al? mu?ammadin wa ?al? ?aali mu?ammadin kam? b?rakta ?al? ?ibr?h?ma wa ?al? ?aali ?ibr?h?ma innaka ?am?dun ma??d.
3. Muhammad's name is invoked requested:
?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????
All?humma rabba ha?ihi d-da?awati t-tammah wa-?-?al?ti l-qa?imah, ??ti mu?ammadan al-was?lata wa-l-fa??lah wa-b?a?hu l-maqalam al-ma?m?dan illa?? wa?adtah
4. Dua are then made directly to God, between the adhan and the iqamaah.
According to Abu Dawud, Muhammad said: "Repeat the words of the muezzin and when you finish, ask God what you want and you will get it".
Form
Each phrase is followed by a longer pause and is repeated one or more times according to fixed rules. During the first statement each phrase is limited in tonal range, less melismatic, and shorter. Upon repetition the phrase is longer, ornamented with melismas, and may possess a tonal range of over an octave. The adhan's form is characterised by contrast and contains twelve melodic passages which move from one to another tonal center of one maqam a fourth or fifth apart. The tempo is mostly slow; it may be faster and with fewer melismas for the sunset prayer. During festivals, it may be performed antiphonally as a duet.
Modern legal standing
Bangladesh
In 2016, opposition leader Khaleda alleged that the government were obstructing the broadcasting of adhans through loudspeakers, citing security concerns for the prime minister Sheikh Hasina".
Israel
In 2016, Israel's ministerial committee approved a draft bill that limits the volume of the use of public address systems for calls to prayer, particularly, outdoor loudspeakers for adhaan, citing it as a factor of noise pollution. The bill was submitted by Knesset member Motti Yogev of the far right Zionist party Jewish Home and Robert Ilatov of the right wing Yisrael Beiteinu. The ban is meant to affect three mosques in Abu Dis village of East Jerusalem, disbarring them from broadcasting the morning call (fajr) prayers. The bill was backed by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu who said: "I cannot count the times -- they are simply too numerous -- that citizens have turned to me from all parts of Israeli society, from all religions, with complaints about the noise and suffering caused to them by the excessive noise coming to them from the public address systems of houses of prayer." The Israel Democracy Institute, a non-partisan think tank, expressed concerns that it specifically stifles the rights of Muslims, and restricts their freedom of religion.
Turkey
As an extension of the reforms brought about by the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Turkish government at the time, encouraged by Atatürk, introduced secularism to Turkey. The program involved implementing a Turkish adhan program as part of its goals, as opposed to the conventional Arabic call to prayer. Following the conclusion of said debates, the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet ??leri Ba?kanl???) released an official mandate on July 18, 1932, announcing the decision to all the mosques across Turkey, and the practice was continued for a period of 18 years.
On July 16, 1950, a new government was sworn in, led by Adnan Menderes, which restored Arabic as the liturgical language.
Sweden
The Fittja Mosque (in Botkyrka south of Stockholm) was in 2013 the first mosque to be granted permission for a weekly public call to Friday prayer, on condition that the sound volume does not exceed 60 dB. In Karlskrona (province of Blekinge, southern Sweden) the Islamic association built a minaret in 2017 and has had weekly prayer calls since then. The temporary mosque in Växjö filed for a similar permission in February 2018, which sparked a nationwide debate about the practice.
In popular culture
Turkish National Anthem
The adhan is mentioned in the eighth verse of ?stiklâl Mar??, the Turkish national anthem:
O glorious God, the sole wish of my soul is that,
No heathen's hand should ever touch the bosom of my sacred Temples.
These adhans, whose shahadahs are the foundations of my D?n (religion),
May their noble sound last loud and wide over my eternal homeland.
See also
- Tawhid
- Barechu - the Jewish equivalent call to prayer
- Church bell § Call to prayer
References
External links
- Prayer Times
- Adhan from The Masjid Al-Haram, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
- Adhan sample from Indonesia
- Azan / Adhan MP3 Downloads
- Azan / Adhan MP3 Downloads
- Meaning of the Adhan
- Azaan of Alavi Bohras
- Online Adhan Web Page : http://www.adhanonline.com (Eng)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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