Pure water is water that has been filtered or processed mechanically to remove impurities and make them suitable for use. Distilled water has become the most common form of purified water, but, in recent years, water is more often purified by other processes including capacitive deionization, reverse osmosis, carbon filtering, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, ultraviolet oxidation, or electrodeionization. The combination of a number of these processes has begun to be used to produce ultra pure ultrapure water whose trace contaminants are measured in parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt). Purified water has many uses, mostly in the production of drugs, in the laboratory of science and engineering and industry, and is produced in various purity. These can be produced on site for immediate use or purchase in containers. Water purified in everyday English can also refer to treated water ("drinking") to neutralize, but not always remove contaminants that are considered harmful to humans or animals.
Video Purified water
Parameter kemurnian air
Purified water is usually produced by purification of drinking water or ground water. Dirt that may need to be removed are:
- inorganic ions (usually monitored as electrical conductivity or resistivity or specific tests)
- organic compounds (usually monitored as TOC or with specific tests) Bacteria
- (monitored with a decent total or epifluorescence)
- endotoxins and nuclease (monitored by LAL or specific enzyme tests) Particles
- (usually controlled by filtering)
- gas (usually managed by degassing when needed)
Maps Purified water
Purification method
Distillation
Distilled water is produced by the distillation process and has an electrical conductivity of not more than 11 μS/cm and total dissolved solids less than 10 mg/liter. The distillation involves boiling water and then condensing the vapor into a clean container, leaving solid contaminants behind. Distillation produces very pure water. White or yellowish mineral scale is left in the distillation apparatus, which requires routine cleaning. Distilled water, like all pure water, should be stored in a sterilized container to ensure the absence of bacteria. For many procedures, more economical alternatives are available, such as deionized water, and used instead of distilled water.
Double distillation
Double distilled water (abbreviated "ddH 2 O", "Bidest. Water" or "DDW") is prepared by slowly boiling uncontaminated condensed water vapor from the previous slow boil. Historically, it is the de facto standard for highly purified laboratory water for biochemistry and used in laboratory trace analysis until the purification method of water purification combination becomes widespread.
Deionization
Water deionized ( DI water , DIW or ionized water ), often identical to demineralized water/water DM , is water that has released almost all its mineral ions, such as cations such as sodium, calcium, iron, and copper, and anions such as chlorides and sulfates. Deionization is a chemical process that uses specially produced ion exchange resins, which exchange hydrogen ions and hydroxides for dissolved minerals, and then recombine to form water. Since most non-particulate water impurities are soluble salts, deionization produces very pure water which is generally the same as distilled water, with the advantage that the process is faster and does not accumulate scales. However, deionization does not significantly remove uncharged organic, bacterial or bacterial molecules, except with incidental traps on the resin. Specially formulated anion resins can eliminate Gram-negative bacteria. Deionization can be done continuously and cheaply using electrodeionization.
There are three types of deionization: co-current, counter-current, and mixed bed.
Co-current deionization
Co-Deionization refers to the original downflow process in which both the input water and the regeneration chemicals enter at the top of the ion exchange column and exit at the bottom. The current operating cost is relatively higher than the current counter-deionization due to the additional use of regenerants. Due to dilute regenerant chemicals when they encounter bottom resin or finishing in ion exchange columns, the product quality is lower than the same-sized counter-flow columns.
This process is still used, and can be maximized by fine tuning of the regenerant stream in the ion exchange column.
Continuous Deionization
Current counter-deionization comes in two forms, each requiring an engineered internal:
- The column rises where the input water enters from below and the regenerant enters from the top of the ion exchange column.
- The stream rises where water enters from above and regenerates from below.
In both cases, separate distribution headers (input water, input regeneration, outlet water, and outgoing regenerants) shall be adjusted to: the quality and flow of the input water, the operating time between the regeneration, and the desired product water analysis.
Current counter-deionization is a more attractive method of ion exchange. Chemicals (regenerants) flow in the opposite direction of service flow. Less time for regeneration is required when compared to concurrent columns. The quality of finished products can be as low as 0.5 parts per million. The main advantage of counter-current deionization is the low operating cost, due to the low usage of regenerants during the regeneration process.
Difference in mixed deionization
Mixed bed deionization is a 50/50 cation mixture and anion resin combined in a single ion exchange column. With proper pretreatment, purified product water from a single pass through a mixed ion exchange column is the purest that can be made. Most commonly, the demineralization of the mix bedding is used for final water polishing to clean up the last few ions in water before use. The deionized unit with a small mixture has no regeneration ability. The commercial mixed beddetime unit has a complex water distribution and regeneration system for regeneration. The control system operates pumps and valves for regeneration of used anions and cation resins in ion exchange columns. Each is regenerated separately, then remixed during the regeneration process. Because the product's water quality is achieved high, and due to the cost and difficulty of regeneration, the demineralization of mixed beds is only used when the highest purity water is required.
Demineralization
Demineralization is often a term used interchangeably with deionization. Demineralization essentially removes all the minerals that can be found in natural water. This process is usually done when the water will be used for chemical processes and the existing minerals can interfere with other chemicals. All chemical and beauty products must be made with demineralized water for this reason. With the demineralization process, "soft" water replaces undesired minerals with various salts (NaCl). Demineralized water has a higher conductivity than deionized water.
Other processes
Other processes are also used to purify water, including reverse osmosis, carbon filtering, microporous filtration, ultrafiltration, ultraviolet oxidation, or electrodialysis. It is used in lieu of, or in addition, the process listed above. The process of rendering water can be drunk but not necessarily closer to the H 2 O/hydronium pure hydroxide including the use of dilute sodium hypochlorite, ozone, mixed oxidant (H-electrolysis catalyst <<> 2 O NaCl), and iodine; See the discussion on drinking water treatment under "Health effects" below.
Usage
Purified water is suitable for many applications, including autoclaves, hand pieces, laboratory testing, laser cutting, and automotive use. Purification removes contaminants that may interfere with the process, or leave residues in the evaporation. Although water is generally regarded as a good electrical conductor - for example the domestic electrical system is considered very dangerous for people if they may come into contact with a wet surface - pure water is a bad conductor. The conductivity of seawater is usually 5 S/m, drinking water is usually in the range of 5-50 mS/m, whereas very pure water can be as low as 5.5? S/m (0.055 μs/cm), ratio of about 1,000,000: 1,000: 1.
Pure water is used in the pharmaceutical industry. This class of water is widely used as raw materials, materials, and solvents in the processing, formulation, and manufacture of pharmaceutical products, active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and intermediates, compendium articles, and analytical reagents. The microbiological content of water is very important and water should be regularly monitored and tested to show that it remains in microbiological control.
Purified water is also used in the commercial beverage industry as a key ingredient of certain trademark bottling formulas, to maintain the critical consistency of taste, clarity, and color. This ensures complete customer reliability for the safety and satisfaction of drinking from their favorite refreshments, wherever in the world has been bottled. In the process prior to filling and sealing, individual bottles are always rinsed with deionized water to remove particles that can cause flavor changes.
Deionized water and distilled water are used in lead-acid batteries to prevent cell erosion, although deionized water is a better choice as more impurities are removed from the water in the manufacturing process.
Laboratory usage
Technical standards on water quality have been established by a number of professional organizations, including the American Chemical Society (ACS), ASTM International, the CLIN Clinical Laboratory Clinical Clinical Standards (NCCLS) National Committee, and US Pharmacopeia (USP). ASTM, NCCLS, and ISO 3696 or International Organization for Standardization classify purified water into Classes 1-3 or Type I-IV depending on the degree of purity. These organizations have similar, though not identical, parameters for highly purified water.
Note that the European Pharmacopoeia uses Pure Water (HPW) as the definition for water that meets the quality of Water For Injection, without distillation. In the laboratory context, highly purified water is used to symbolize various "very" refined water qualities.
Regardless of the organization's water quality norm used, even Type I water may require further purification depending on specific laboratory applications. For example, water used for molecular biology experiments should be DNase or RNase-free, requiring special additional treatment or functional testing. Water for microbiological experiments should be completely sterile, which is usually done by autoclaving. Water used to analyze traces of metals may require removal of metal traces to a standard beyond that of the Type I water norm.
* Requires the use of 0.2 m membrane filter
** Prepared with distillation
*** Requires the use of membrane filter 0.45? M
Criticism
A member of the ASTM D19 (Water) Committee, Erich L. Gibbs, criticized ASTM Standard D1193, saying "Type I water can be almost anything - water that fills part or all of the boundary, part or all of the time, at the same or different points in production process. "
Electrical Conductivity
The ultraviolet electrical conductivity of water is 5.5 ÃÆ' â € "10 -6 S/m (18 M? Ã, Â · cm in terms of resiprokal electrical resistance) and only because H and OH - ions produced in equilibrium of water dissociation. This low conductivity is achieved only, however, in the presence of dissolved monatomic gases. Ultrapure water is completely de-gassed having a conductivity of 1.2 Ã,ÃÆ' â € "10 -4 S/m, whereas in equilibrium to the atmosphere it is 7.5 Ã,ÃÆ'â €" 10 -5 S/m due to dissolved CO 2 in it. The ultimate value of ultrapure water should not be stored in glass or plastic containers because this container material releases (releases) contaminants at very low concentrations. Silica storage vessels are used for less demanding applications and ultrapure tin vessels are used for the highest purity applications. It should be noted that, although electrical conductivity only indicates the presence of ions, most contaminants are commonly found naturally in ionized water to some extent. This ionization is a measure of the effectiveness of a filtration system, and a more expensive system incorporates a conductivity-based alarm to indicate when a filter should be refreshed or replaced. By comparison, sea water has a conductivity of probably 5 S/m (53 mS/cm cited), while unrefined tap water may have a normal conductivity of 5 mS/m (50 SS/cm) (for in order of magnitude), which is still around 2 or 3 times higher than the output of a well functioning demineralization or distillation mechanism, resulting in low levels of contamination or low performance detection.
Industrial use
Some industrial processes, especially in the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries, require large amounts of very pure water. In this situation, the feed water is first processed into pure water and then processed further to produce ultrapure water.
Other uses
Distilled or deionized water is generally used to charge lead-acid batteries used in cars and trucks and for other applications. The presence of foreign ions commonly found in tap water will drastically shorten the life of lead-acid batteries.
Distilled or deionized water is preferable for tap water for use in automotive refrigeration systems.
Using deionized water or distilled water in water-evaporating apparatus, such as steam irons and moisturizers, can reduce mineral-scale buildup, which shortens tool life. Some tool manufacturers say that deionized water is no longer needed.
Purified water is used in freshwater and marine aquariums. Because it does not contain impurities such as copper and chlorine, it helps to keep fish free of disease, and avoids the buildup of algae in aquarium plants due to lack of phosphate and silicate. Deionized water must be re-mineralized before use in an aquarium, due to the lack of many of the macro and micro nutrients needed by plants and fish.
Water (sometimes mixed with methanol) has been used to extend aircraft engine performance. On the piston engine, it serves to delay the engine attack. In a turbine engine, it allows more fuel flow to a given turbine temperature limit, and increases the mass flow. For example, it was used on early Boeing 707 models. Sophisticated materials and techniques have since made such systems obsolete for new designs; however, incoming air-charge spray-spraying is still used to some extent with off-road turbo-charged engines (road-race track cars).
Deionized water is very often used as a "material" in many cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, where it is sometimes referred to as "aqua" on the label of product ingredients; see International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients.
Due to the relatively high dielectric constant (~ 80), deionized water is also used (for short periods, when resistive losses are acceptable) as high voltage dielectrics in many pulsed power applications, such as Sandia National Laboratory Z.
Distilled water can be used in PC water cooling systems and Laser Marking Systems. The lack of impurities in the water means that the system remains clean and prevents the buildup of bacteria and algae. Also, low conductance reduces the risk of electrical damage in the event of a leak.
When used as a rinse after washing cars, windows, and similar applications, purified water dries without leaving a stain caused by dissolved solutes.
Deionized water is used in water fog firefighting systems used in sensitive environments, such as where high voltage electrical equipment and sensitive electronic equipment are used. The 'sprinkler' nozzle uses a much smoother spray jet than any other system, and operates at a pressure of 35 MPa (350 bar; 5,000 psi). A very fine mist generated takes heat from the fire quickly, and good water droplets are nonconducting (when deionized) and tend to damage sensitive equipment. Deionized water, however, is inherently acidic and contaminants (such as copper, dust, stainless and carbon steel, and many other common materials) rapidly supply ions, thus re-ionizing water. Generally it is not considered to spray water on electrically charged circuits, and it is generally considered undesirable to use water in an electrical context.
Distilled or purified water is used in humidors to prevent cigars from collecting bacteria, fungi, and contaminants, as well as to prevent residues from forming in humidifiers.
Window cleaners using a drinking water pole system also use purified water as it allows the windows to dry themselves without leaving stains or stains. The use of purified water from aqueous poles also prevents the need to use stairs and therefore ensures compliance with Work at Height Legislation in the UK.
Health effects of drinking pure water
Distillation removes all minerals from water, and reverse osmosis membrane methods and nanofiltration eliminate most, or almost all, minerals. This results in demineralized water, which has not proven to be healthier than drinking water. The World Health Organization investigated the health effects of demineralized water in 1980, and his experiments on humans found that demineralized water increased diuresis and electrolyte elimination, with decreased serum potassium concentrations. Magnesium, calcium, and other nutrients in water can help protect against nutritional deficiencies. Recommendations for magnesium have been placed at a minimum of 10 mg/L with 20-30 mg/L optimally; for calcium 20 mg/L minimum and 40-80 mg/L optimum, and total water hardness (adding magnesium and calcium) 2-4 mmol/L. In water hardness above 5 mmol/L, higher incidence of gallstones , kidney stones, urinary stones, arthrosis, and arthropathy have been observed. For fluoride, the recommended concentration for dental health is 0.5-1.0 mg/L, with a maximum guideline value of 1.5 mg/L to avoid dental fluorosis.
Water filtration devices are becoming increasingly common in households. Most of these devices do not distill water, although there are continuous improvements in consumer-oriented water purifiers and reverse osmosis machines being sold and used. Municipal water supplies often increase or have traces of dirt at the regulated level to be safe for consumption. Most of these additional impurities, such as volatile organic compounds, fluorides, and about 75,000 other chemical compounds are not removed by conventional filtration; However, distillation and reverse osmosis eliminate almost all of these impurities.
Drinking pure water as a substitute for drinking water has been advocated and weakened for health reasons. Purified water contains no minerals and ions such as calcium that play a key role in biological functioning, such as in the homeostasis of the nervous system, and is usually found in drinking water. The lack of natural minerals in distilled water has caused some concerns. The Journal of General Internal Medicine publishes studies on mineral deposits from various waters available in the US. The study found that "drinking water sources available to North America may contain high levels of calcium, magnesium and sodium and can provide a clinically important portion of the recommended dietary intake of these minerals." This encourages people to "check mineral content from their drinking water, either tap or bottle, and select the water that is most appropriate for their needs". Because distilled water does not contain minerals, additional mineral intake through diet is necessary to maintain proper health.
The consumption of "hard" water (mineral water) is associated with beneficial cardiovascular effects. As noted in the American Journal of Epidemiology, harsh drinking water consumption is negatively correlated with atherosclerotic heart disease.
See also
- Artificial sea water
- Hydrogen production
- Air ionizer
- Electrodeionization
- The atmospheric water generator
- Swift water
- Ultra-pure water
- Water softening
- Mili-Q water
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments